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Communication Studies : Public Speaking
Midterm : Ch.3
41
Communication
Undergraduate 2
03/21/2011

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Cards

Term
rhetorical situation
Definition
  1. occurs when: public contengincies cause concern/uncertainty in a public audience
  2. which: give force & effectiveness to persuasive discourse
  3. which: encourages collective action
Term
technical situation
Definition
exists when we confront problems with a proven discourse and method to guide us
Term
rheotrical foreground
Definition
specific & salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience in a particular moment in time
Term
rhetorical background
Definition
larger environment that defines historical & social contect for any particular rhetorical event
Term
motives of the participants
Definition
various cognitive, emotional & behavioral attitudes & responses that may influence future beliefs, feelings & actions
Term
public
Definition
complex interaction of individuals that constitute a political culture
Term
state
Definition
represents the instrument that the public uses to address consequences that it deems important enough to manage
Term
counterpublics
Definition
form when a state formally excludes other publics
Term
open society
Definition
facts are made available & judgements are made by its members through open discussion, criticism & persuasion
Term
closed society
Definition
leaders are responsible for mkaing decisions and supressing opinions they feel to be unnecessary or dangerous
Term
public sphere
Definition
allows people to speak and be heard by others about matters of public concern
Term
technical sphere
Definition
elite group with specialized knowlegde uses technical jargon to discuss narrow problems in a way that avergae citizens can't understand
Term
personal sphere
Definition
uses language that favors the expression of intimate feelings, experiences & opinions
Term
authoritative sphere
Definition
the only views encouraged to be expressed are sanctioned by an established authority
Term
status
Definition
relative authority or marginality that particular ideas, words or discourses possoss within a community
Term
authority
Definition
ideas, words or discourse that are valued, respected and/or embraced
Term
marginality
Definition
ideas, words or discourse that are condemned, ignored and/or rejected
Term
public opinion
Definition
percentage of people who hold certain views to be true
Term
opinion
Definition
conscious personal belief expressed as a commitment to a certain matter of fact or value
Term
conventions
Definition
accepted/established habits, norms, routines, traditions and unspoken laws of a community
Term
social knowledge
Definition

a culture's conventional wisdom & practical judgment

  • expressed in maxims, generally held beliefs & value judgements
Term
exigence
Definition
an experience of a contingency that makes us feel a combination of concern and uncertainty
Term
rhetorical exigence
Definition
  • public issue that generates concern and uncertainty
  • can be resolved in part by rhetorical persuasion
Term
prescence
Definition
brings people together in one place before each other and the speaker
Term
uncontested exigence
Definition
audience achieves a consensus as to the nature of the problem but is uncertain to the solution
Term
contested exigence
Definition
addresses a problem about whose very reality remains in doubt for an audience
Term
practical judgement
Definition
act of defining a person, object, or event in terms of a general category for the purpose of making a practical decision
Term
audience
Definition
exceeds the people immediately present in the room
Term
situated audience
Definition
physically exists together in a particular time & place to hear a message
Term
target audience
Definition
the group of people who are both able to be persuaded and capable of acting in such a way to help resolve the exigence
Term
demographics
Definition
audience analysis based on gender, race, age, income, disablilities, mobility, educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and location
Term
constraints
Definition
obstacles that stand between us and the attainment of out interests
Term
rhetorical constraints
Definition
obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker
Term
internal constraints
Definition
beliefs, attitudes & values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur
Term
belief
Definition
changes attitude and value
Term
external constraints
Definition
people, objects, processes & events that may physically obstruct any productive action even in persuasion of an audience has occurred
Term
speaker
Definition
something more than a person saying words
Term
rhetor
Definition
a conscious instigator of social action who uses persuasive discourse to achieve his or her ends
Term
occasion
Definition
specific setting shared by speaker and audience whose circumstances constrain the form and appropriateness of what is said
Term
purpose
Definition
the reason for and circumstances under which an occasion occurs
Term
message
Definition
spoken language delivered for the purposes of persuafing an audience to think, act & feel in ways different than it already does
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