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Communication Midterm
Midterm
70
Communication
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2013

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Cards

Term
How does Aristotle define RHETORIC?
Definition
The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.
Term
How do contemporary theorists define RHETORIC?
Definition
Any kind of communication. Every time someone tries to convey meaning to someone else.
Term
Who is Classical Rhetorical Theory specific to?
Definition
The greeks
Term
Who started the Classical Rhetorical Theory?
Definition
The Sophist.
Term
Who are The Sophists?
Definition
Traveling teachers who taught people how to win weaker arguments and received pay for their services.
Term
What term did Isocrates coin?
Definition
Kairos
Term
What is Kairos?
Definition
The rhetors ability to adapt to changing circumstances/situations.
Term
Who is the most important classical rhetorical theorist?
Definition
Aristotle
Term
What is the name of Aristotle's famous book?
Definition
Rhetoric
Term
What are the 3 types of Rhetoric according to Aristotle's book?
Definition
1.) political
2.) forensic
3.) epideictic
Term
What is the modern term for political speech?
Definition
Deliberate.
Term
What is the modern term for forensic speech?
Definition
Judicial.
Term
What is the modern term for epideictic?
Definition
Ceremonial.
Term
What is LOGOS?
Definition
Reasoning used to construct an argument
Term
What are the 2 types of reasoning that go along with LOGOS?
Definition
Inductive and Deductive.
Term
What is inductive reasoning?
Definition
Using examples
Term
What is deductive reasoning?
Definition
Using an enthymematic.
Term
What is an enthymematic?
Definition
It is a syllogism that doesn't state both premises.

All men are mortal. Therefor, Socrates is mortal.
Term
What is ETHOS?
Definition
The credibility of the speaker
Term
What is PATHOS?
Definition
The emotional appeal of the speaker.
Term
Where was Cicero from?
Definition
ROME
Term
What was Cicero considered?
Definition
A rhetor and a rhetorician.
Term
What is a rhetorician?
Definition
Someone who studies speeches.
Term
Who created the 5 cannons of rhetoric?
Definition
Cicero
Term
What are the 5 cannons of rhetoric?
Definition
1.) Invention - discovery of content
2.) Style - word choice/syntax
3.) Arrangement - organization
4.) Delivery - presentation
5.) Memory
Term
What is considered the lost cannon?
Definition
Memory
Term
What did the contemporary theorists shift focus to?
Definition
THE CONTEXT of the speech
Term
What are 3 contemporary theories?
Definition
1.) Speeches can't be viewed in a vacuum
2.) The context of a speech extends beyond the immediate physical context and direct audience.
3.) Rhetorical Situation
Term
What is the rheotical situation?
Definition
The choices a speaker makes in response to a certain situation.
Term
What are the 3 subpoints of the rheorical situation?
Definition
1.) Exigence
2.) Audience
3.) Constraints
Term
What is exigence?
Definition
Specifies what needs to be addressed. Your purpose for the speech.
Term
What is the audience?
Definition
Who is affected by the speech.
Term
What are the constraints?
Definition
The limitations that affect your decisions and actions. Could be beliefs, facts, traditions, time limit ect.
Term
What is a rhetorical choice?
Definition
Also called strategies. Choices made in response to the rhetorical situation.
Term
What are the 6 areas of analysis for rhetorical choices?
Definition
1.) Purpose
2.) Audience
3.) Occasion - immediate context
4.) Social Context - what is going on in world
5.) Speaker - audience's perception of speaker
6.) Identification - when audience sees commonalities
Term
What are the aspects of the Shannon Weaver Model?
Definition
- Sender: speaker
- Encoding - rhetorical choices
- Channel - medium of speech
- Decoding - audience processes info
- Receiver - audience
*NOISE - Anything that gets in the way of communication. Can happen at any point of model. When it happens during decoding, it is generally the audience's conflicting beliefs.
Term
What are the 3 dimensions of the audience?
Definition
1.) Purpose
2.) Composition
3.) Size
Term
What are the 2 types of audiences?
Definition
1.) captive
2.) voluntary
Term
What should you not do when considering the composition of your audience?
Definition
STEREOTYPE. Composition refers to demographics, race, gender, age, religion etc.
Term
What are the differences in intimacy of an audience?
Definition
A large audience is LESS intimate than a small one.
Term
Who was an important contemporary theorist on the subject of Identification?
Definition
Burke
Term
What is identification?
Definition
When an audience is persuaded that you share common interests with them.
Term
What is an example of identification?
Definition
Presidential candidate visiting a potato farm in jeans and a button up, speaking more casually than normal.
Term
What is the term for HIGH identification?
Definition
Consubstantiation.
Term
The more identification you have, the more likely...
Definition
the audience is to be persuaded by you.
Term
What are the methods of delivery?
Definition
1.) Manuscript
2.) Memory
3.) Impromptu
4.) Extemporaneous
Term
What is a disadvantage of speaking from memory?
Definition
Harder to engage audience
Term
What is an advantage of speaking extemporaneously?
Definition
Encourages people to speak naturally
Term
What are the aspects of controlling the voice?
Definition
1.) Volume
2.) Vocal Variety
3.) Rate
4.) Pauses
5.) Articulation
Term
What are 2 aspects of vocal variety?
Definition
1.) Pitch
2.) Intonation
Term
What is pitch?
Definition
Range of sound from high to low.
Term
What is intonation?
Definition
Rising of falling of pitch in a sentence.
Term
What is articulation?
Definition
Pronunciating and speaking clearly.
Term
What are important aspects of using the body while speaking?
Definition
1.) Make sure facial expressions match tone of speech.
2.) Scan the room. Eyecontact
3.) Gestures. Only do them if they are natural. Not by hips.
4.) Immediacy. Stand close for intimacy, far for authoritative.
5.)Posture. Relaxed because of our setting.
Term
What must a topic be?
Definition
1.) Interesting
2.) Significant
3.) Relatable
4.) Audience appropriate
Term
What is an example?
Definition
Specific instance that clarifies an idea
Term
What is an illustration?
Definition
A story that uses vivid imagery and descriptions.
Term
What is an anaology?
Definition
A comparrison that goes well with statistics and explanations.
Term
What is a contrast?
Definition
Shows differences between things.
Term
What is a statstic?
Definition
A numerical value that goes well with analogies and explanations.
Term
What is the difference between a description, definition, explanation?
Definition
Explanation - explains WHY or HOW
Definition - defines WHAT something is
Description - describes WHAT something is
Term
What are the 5 things an introduction must do?
Definition
1.) Secure attention
2.) Establish relevancy
3.) Establish credibility
4.) State Thesis
5.) Preview main points (signposts)
Term
What does the body of a speech must have?
Definition
1.) Explain main points with key info and big ideas.
2.) Need main points with subpoints.
3.) Use transitions
4.) Use internal preview or summary
5.) Signposts if desired
Term
What does a conlusion do?
Definition
1.)Summarize main points
2.)Restate thesis
3.)Bookending
4.)Re-establish relevancy or call 2 action
Term
What are the 2 types of outlines?
Definition
1.) Phrase
2.) Sentence
Term
What are the 4 types of organizational patterns for an informative speech?
Definition
1.) Chronological
2.) Spatial - location
3.) Comparative
4.) Topical
Term
What enhances the audience's understanding?
Definition
1.) Clear and simple language and organization
2.) Principles of adult learning
3.) Avoid jargon
4.) Provide ready to use info
5.) Encourage active listening
6.)***STRUCTURAL CLARITY
7.) Avoiding persuasion
Term
What provides structural clarity?
Definition
1.) Previews and signposts
2.) Repetition
3.) Scaffolding
4.) Physical representation
Term
How can you avoid persuasion?
Definition
1.) Stick to structure
2.) Do your research
3.) Strive for objectivity
4.) Avoid large amounts of pathos
Term
OUTLINE EXAMPLE
Definition
Topic:

I. Introduction
A. Attention getter
B. Relevancy
C. Credibility
D. Thesis statement
E. Preview of main points

Transition/Signpost
II. Body
A. Main point #1
1. Subordinate point
a. Supporting evidence
b. Supporting evidence
2. Subordinate point
a. Supporting evidence
b. Supporting evidence

Transition/Signpost

ANOTHER BODY SAME SHIT

III. Conclusion
A. Restate thesis
B. Review main points
C. Remind relevancy and/or call to action
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