• anomic experiences (suffering, evil, death etc) that tie in with social nomos (in terms of the beliefs, assumptions and meanings that ground a society)
• helps to reconcile us to our way of living (function)

• to integrate anomy (disorder, suffering etc) into social experience - to give meaning to suffering; not resolution - to explain social inequities

• a means of ordering and giving meaning to human experience - social identities, rules, and practices that must be affirmed & legitimized regularly to maintain stable communities

• Sacrifice
• Truth worth dying for
• Attitude of self-sacrifice for a greater cause
• Self-surrender to discomfort or anguish

• Transcending from the profane/mundane to the sacred
• movement to a greater truth or better reality

• Nelson Mandella “Apartheid” and his willingness to stay in prison for as long as it takes
• Firefighters risking their lives for a greater cause; put their lives on the line willingly
• Ghandi: starvation for a greater cause

• authority of state to offer things to people who join forces (ex: payment, housing)
• idea that temporary suffering is worth it (deny myself now for greater gain)

• Don’t be ambiguous
• Define the event
• Display eloquence/leadership
• Shaping/sharing of community

• Sustains community
• Rehearses values 
• Recalls important principles
• Restate shared ideals 
• Rededicates audience of ideals

• Deliberative
• Epideictic

• Deliberative:
• Call for action--sacrifice?
• Civic duty--loyalty?
• Will we recover--the U.S.?
• Epideictic:
• What happened?
• Why? why us?
• What does this mean?
• How do we survive?
• How are we going to prevent another attack?

• 17th century: Baconian (theistic)
• 19th century: Positivists (material)

• Emerged in contrast to the “Age of Faith”
• Reason vs. Faith: reason not faith leads to moral/social progress
• Salvation thru transcendent Other not viable
• Morality no longer dependent on sacred revelation 
• Wealthy people/Religious studied nature - science emerged
• Reason becomes basis for knowledge
• Knowledge - observable, testable
• Faith - something you believe in; can’t be measured
• Another reference: Thomas Huxley “death of God”

• When the woman is holding her rosary beads because she is reaching to religion
• People believed science is the answer including world peace

• Always been attacked by religion
• Unbiased, apolitical, independent
• Always progressive
• Objective and neutral
• Separate from ethics/morality

• The delinking of the sacred with the human world
• Two kinds: Descriptive and Evaluative

• How people regard secularization
• ex. some may think it liberating and others may think it is kicking God out of the affairs of human beings
• good or bad
• majority of people think of this kind when referring to secularization

• Social structural secularism
• Removal of institutions from religious authority
• ex. courts, education, legislation

• Secularization of consciousness
• Outlook on society and life "without benefit of religious interpretations"

1. Externalization (objective)
2. Internalization (subjective conciousness)
3. Objectification

1. Burkean
2. Quinntillian
3. Aristotelian

• Exigence
• Audience
• Constraints
• Purpose

• Purpose
• Audience
• Persona
• Tone
• Structure
• Supporting Materials
• Strategies

• Defined in terms of the cosmos; religion provides ultimate stability!
• Cosmos: the universe; encompasses all nature, human experience, material reality
• “Religion...attempt to conceive of the entire universe as being humanly significant”

• Defines it in terms of the sacred and the profane, in the community, through rituals and beliefs

• Suggests new possibilities for meaning
• Often underlie calls for moral action
• Key vehicles for rhetorical argument

1. High - Low
2. Light - Dark
3. Disease - Remedy
4. Inevitability - Determinism

• They teach how to live, explain identity, explain destiny & provide:
• heightened sense of authority
• heightened sense of continuity with the past
• heightened sense of community
• heightened sense of choice (dialectical struggle)

• Connection = between ordinary & grand reality
• Transcendence = invitation to move from ordinary to something greater
• Ritual = (action) practices

• Human beings are different from other living elements of nature
• Coming to maturity happens through relationships with other people
• Society gives us organization, community, identity, ways of living

 1. Society is a process
 2. Society is ongoing, not static
 3. Society is maintained through communication, especially collective discourse

1. Socialization
2. Social Control
3. Legitimation
4. Plausibility

• A collection of beliefs symbols and rituals with respect to sacred things and institutionalized in a collectivity.
• Product of an original tension in US founding
• 2 Ideological threads: Republicanism & Liberalism

• Symbolic relationship between U.S. and religion
• Contract: Hart's central metaphor to describe relationship
• Tension and Flexibility ("God and Country")

• Challenge between civil and unofficial religion
• Challenges Hart's conception of civil piety
• Civil religion is more powerful than piety b/c it has the ability to call for death in terms of liberty or punishment

• What's the problem?
• Urgency is key

• Process by which humans create a world/ tools out of the “stuff” of themselves.
• Humans have to create their own world and they do so by digging into their thoughts, ideas, dreams, and inspiration.
• Communication is ultimately the key component in creating and maintaining their world and everything in it. (Example: Equality & Self-governing)

• Attitude towards the audience
• 3 relational levels
• superior
• peer
• subordinate

• Reappropriation of objective world, a transformation of objectivated culture into subjective consciousness.
• Individuals engage their culture by adopting what they like or what they find useful to their life, or they reject it.
• Active appropriation of objectivated society occurs through the ordering of life experiences-nomizing.

• Target
• Empirical
• Agents of Change
• Created

• The radical separation from the social world.
• Anomy exists when people or groups feel disconnected from the world.

• story of Israel
• exodus/escaping religious persecution
• chosen people
• promised land
• sacrificial death
• rebirth

• validity of social reality and culture
• the ability to have a stable society even with such diverse group and people
• once things lose their validity, it destabilizes society