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| identifying a discrete section of text, pulling out one segment and isolating it from the other text (ex. Language - pulling out a phrase and working with that) |
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| restating and elaborating on what the meaning is that is present here, what is this piece of text doing |
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| attach some critical concept to it, actively applying some other label to it |
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| explain your choice of classification (Why is this line from MLK antithesis?), inverting from the surface to the content depth |
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| evaluate the text in terms of a ideological, critical perspective (judging the text as good or bad and elaboration of why it's good or bad) = judgment and explanation |
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| whatever happened to cause the speaker to take action (event), reference to some material, physical event or a perceived idea that the speaker wants to change |
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| Communication model and its limitations |
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| model --> speaker, listener, message, channel, feedback, setting, its limitations --> while its useful to break down these elements, none of them exist except they exist within eachother…. Power relations are more important (what is the relationship between the speaker and the listener) … president’s power over Congress and American people, what does the situation tell us about the power relations, we cant think about these elements as completely isolated |
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1) message design: organizing pattern/the way it is structured (chronological)
2) emphasis: is one idea, given more space and more examples, sticks out more
3) density: how much info is the speaker trying to convey in a short period?
4) pacing: are they speaking quickly or slowly? |
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*Explain why framing is important, structure is the most literal sense of framing, what they’re choosing to include/exclude, how language context determines how the audience interprets the speech, context used to frame how the audience should understand the issue at hand… whoever controls the frame of the debate controls the outcomes... framing sets the boundaries and justifications
*Framing is important because: how is he using lexicon to frame this speech? Why is he using a lot of God terms? – To inspire and motivate and encourage the audience, talking about framing in terms of some concept |
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*historically developed patterns, we can identify specific values and characteristics of a genre
*reveals societal truths
*function on implicit rules
*patterns used to stabilize social life
*affect subsequent perceptions
*Genetic hybrids
*a class of messages sharing important structural and content features and which, as a class, creates special expectations in an audience. Genres exist because rhetors are imitative, borrowing ideas from yesterday when deciding what to say today |
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| Primary sentence structure (syntax) |
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| basic level of what constitutes the core meaning of a sentence, taking a complex sentence and breaking it down to the core meaning: cutting out words to just get the core sentence |
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*quick, authoritative, doesn't go into a lot of detail or elaborate on ideas, straight forward
*used to give a sense of authority, credibility of speaker, used in times of crisis styles |
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*more circular, elaborative, a lot slower, guides the audience through the reasoning process and gives them time to think
*a lot of examples and figures of speech, guided, thinking and reflection type speech |
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*repeating a word or phrase at the beginnings of successive clauses
*ex. "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France." - Winston Churchill |
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| Juxtaposing contrasting ideas in balance phrases. it is an "argumentative piece of imagery that sharpens differences significantly" --> ex. "give me liberty or give me death." |
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| an extravagant statement used as a figure of speech, obvious and intentional exaggeration |
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Using the name of one thing as the name for something else to which it has a logical relationship
Ex. help to determine intellectual focus
*mini metaphor
*"The white house announced today that..." |
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a phrase that seems to have an internal contradiction
Ex. small big house |
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| identifying something by naming a part of it or identifying a part by naming the whole thing, Ex. --> when presidents say "the white house" to refer to people |
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| existence of a shared code |
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| Rhetorical Question (FOS) |
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a question to which the asker doesn't expect an answer
Ex. "are you nuts?"
*question asked solely to produce an effect or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply
Ex. "are you better off now than you were four years ago?" |
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groupings of similarity phrased ideas presented in rapid succession
Ex. "we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe in order to assure the survival and success of liberty." |
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| words that are unique to a group or individual and that have a special rhetorical power/words uncommon to everyday speech |
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any kind of specialized terminology (slang)/specialized terms that designate uncommon phenomena/sounds to be the same as jargon/code words become more common as tastes become more refined, as people become more segregated, as ideas become more techinal
-Technical
-Cultural (slang)
*Ex. --> military words |
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| God vs. devil terms (lexicon) |
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| ideal of society (whose being praised) (freedom, justice), vs. the negatives (criminal, murder) (terrorists), negative societal implications; when a term is carry a pos. or neg. weight (just meant to be descriptors) |
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| Toulmin's model (argument) |
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Grounds-->Claim
^Warrant (whatever connects the ground to the
claim)
^Backing (go into explain why you chose a
particular reasoning)
Claim-->Rebuttal and Qualifier
-Know claim, grounds(evidence), warrant - if he gave us a brief argument we need to identify each of these |
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| Toulmin's model --> Example |
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Claim --> Star Trek is better than Star Wars
Grounds --> Star Trek has better stories because of better girls, better characters, more humane
Warrant --> This story better than that story because of better characters |
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| count how many times a certain word is used, text based, doesn't account for the situation, audience, or rhetor (this approach is limiting) - too text based and it doesn't give as much lea way for applying to various ideologies |
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| Factual (types of judgment) |
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| true or false statements (this is how it is) with reference to a general sense of knowledge |
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| Desirable (types of judgment) |
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| a value judgment (adds an element of evaluation) good or bad |
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| Adjunctive (types of judgment) |
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| speaker is asking audience to make judgment based on a set of rules that the audience will trust |
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| Directive (types of judgment) |
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| propose some course of action will be good or beneficial, speaker makes promises (If you do this, this will happen) |
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-Rhetor/audience relations - how does the speaker view the audience, how does the audience view the speaker (relationships b/t speaker and audience)
-Patterns of rhetoric - pattern of speaker using particular type of judgment throughout a speech, consistency tells you something about values of speaker (particular type of relationship b/t speaker and audience)
-Situational factors - contextual elements, is there a shared community or belief? types of judgment tells a lot about the culture
-Ideology - what are the systems of thought and belief?
-Explains rhetorical momentum - what are the trends in the argument? Not only where you're at, but where you're trying to go
-Index cultural change - being able to see the changes in culture, what does this tell us about changing relationship b/t the speaker and audience? |
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-a specific section of text or some general questions, how did this speech use lexicon to meet the needs of the election, the rivalry between the Federalists and Republicans
-"Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle."
-"We are all Republicans. We are all Federalists."
-Jefferson recognizes enormity of task facing him
-Calls for unity, respect rights of minority
-Republican government strong enough, no need to turn to monarchy
-Outlines blessings bestowed on America
-Promises "wise and frugal" government
-Outlines essential principles of Republican government
-Requests support of all
-->used lexicon, more than a speech (a political act), gave rise to people on another level b/c it was unifying, expressed bipartisanship and nationhood |
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