Term
| Empirical Science (School of Thought) |
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Definition
- Brain and mind are the same. Both reside inside your head.
- Brain maps reality
- Empirical Measurement
- Seeks to explain and predict behavior. Human beings and their world can be understood through unchanging and universal patterns.
-Seeks to understand human nature aka what people do regardless of their culture.
- Practiced by Cognitive scientists and Modernist.
- Examples: Attachment Theory and Terror Management Theory
- Focused on groups not individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
- Empirical Science School of Thought. Cognitive Science
- The way we were treated as children has a profound effect on the way we act as adults.
- 3 types:
1. Distancer-> Parents gave too much attention (engulfed). Pursue and retreat tactic.
2. Persuer -> Parents gave too little attention (abandoned)
3. Secure ->Balanced |
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Term
| "People do not really choose their responses to life". |
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Definition
- Empirical Science School of Thought
- For cognitivists, human behavior is CAUSED by things like "locus of control", "authoritarian personalities", and "attachment patterns". |
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Term
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Definition
When people are reminded of their death it activates a kind of terror management. When this happens people cling to their culture more fiercely, because it helps lessen their anxiety about their own mortality. They also become fiercely aggressive toward people they think are critical of their culture, which has become their safe place, or people who come from outside their culture.
Example: We declared war on a country that did nothing to us because of a terrorist attack. |
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Term
| "Human beings will enjoy greater freedom and security (aka quality of life) in relation to the precision with which they can map the world around them, their own minds, their cultures, and their relationships". |
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Definition
- Empirical Science School of Thought
- Cognitivism and modernism
They do this through cognitive schema and personal constructs. These are our mental maps. Example: Blue things, the different ways in which we talk to different people, how we act in certain situations, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
- It's about the human condition, not human nature.
- We all condemned to be free because their is always a choice and me must choose. Even not doing something is a choice.
- Death gives life meaning.
- Human beings lives are not determined by their biology, god, etc. Everyone makes their own life through the choices they make and the things they DO. We are not defined in essence, but in experience.
- We do not exist in our minds, but rather in our deeds.
- Focused on the individual, sometimes too much. Does not really address other peoples roles in one and others reality. |
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Term
| "The more you are open to experience the more you'll be, the less open you are the less you will be." |
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Term
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Definition
- Existentialism
- Experience surrender, live in the moment. Tap into the fullness of any given moment. See/ experience the world through the eyes of a child.
- Don't let life pass you by. Turn the TV off and watch the sun set.
- Must be willing to incur risk, grief, pain, embarrassment, etc in order to have experiences. |
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Definition
- Existentialism
- Learn to embrace suffering and see a chance for transformation.
- Don't become cynical
- Keep a positive attitude even when things are out of your control and everything is going wrong. |
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Term
| "Human freedom is the freedom to embrace and attend to life's obligations, or flee them for a meaningless life". |
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Definition
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Term
| Authentic Choice vs Inauthentic Choice |
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Definition
- Made with a view of one's past and one's ultimate future, death. People can have this perspective once they stop focusing on the "small despairs" of life (aka debt, wrinkles, etc) and accept the "fundamental despair" that your life is essentially meaningless on the grand scale of things. This is the mature way of looking at life.
vs.
- Choice based off of what "they" say. Ex: "Ya know, they say now is the best time to buy a home". |
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Term
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Definition
- Doesn't make predictions, makes prescriptions.
- Cultures make us and we make it. Language is the common denominator.
- See the very nature of reality as being actively produced by human beings through culture. Collectively human beings produce meaning and reality.
- Not much stock in human nature. Thinks that man produces himself.
- Having made the world we see before us, we also have the ability to make it anew. |
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Term
| "How is my mind socially constructed by the world and the people around me?" |
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Definition
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Term
| "Mind is something more than merely internalized culture, and culture is something more than externalized mind." |
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Definition
Social Constructionism
- They are the same thing, and the trick of language is to make them appear to us as separate things.
- Stop thinking is "this or that" but rather in "both, and"
- It's not "just the way things are", but rather the way we have made it.
- If we can change how we talk about something then we can change what it means, and the culture will reflect this. EX: Gay marriage |
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Term
| "Any world seen is a product of human meaning, human language, and human culture. " |
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Definition
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Term
| "that it is" vs. "what it is" |
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Definition
- Social Constructionism
- table vs. kitchen table, fort, desk, etc.
- What I say something is is what I intend to do with it.
Ex: My dog Kona vs. Canine specimen 33B |
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Term
| "We do not simply speak language, language speaks us". |
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Definition
- Social Constructionism
- What and how we say things tells who we are and where we are from.
- I use language to describe and define myself.
- Language is what we use to "make" worlds/ culture.
- Without language there is no mind. Our language defines how we think. |
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Term
| Mind is a linguistic structure of meaning that is all around you. |
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Definition
Social Constructionism
- "minding" is not something you have, but something you do. we are constantly making meaning of everything around us.
- No language, no mind. |
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Term
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Definition
is a group of people who share a way of knowing and talking about the world and about themselves. They are unified in what they know and believe. Ex: Surgeons, bowlers, etc.
Social Constructionism
- We mind the world with meanings from our epistemic communities.Ex: Mom's voice in your head telling you not to do something.
- Part of who we are is socially constructed by the groups we are apart of. |
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Term
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Definition
- Signs are agreed upon and open to change. Like how hand signals mean different things to different people.
- Signals are universal and unchanging meaning. Like a traffic light.
People communicate mostly with signs, while dogs communicate mostly in signals. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of selecting, and combining together various elements of past times and generations to make something that did not exist before.
-Dogs live in the here and now. They do not have a past or a future because they can't talk about it.
vs.
- Human beings can talk about the future and the past, so therefore we can make progress. Also allows us to reexperience emotions through memories. |
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Term
| Who defines "the way it is"? |
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Definition
If you can explain something clearly, you can make your view of the world "the way the world is" in someone else's eyes. Those people who can use language to explain and persuade are the ones whose view of the world becomes "the way it is".
- The media does this on a grand scale
- We must master our culture to live effectively within it. |
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Term
| What is the price of human communication? |
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Definition
1. We know we are going to die.
2. We have systems of meaning that tell us the "value" of ourselves and actions.-constantly comparing ourselves to our cultures expectations.
3. We have a past and a future in addition to right now. So we regret the past and are anxious about the future. |
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Term
| What is it that made you who you are? |
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Definition
1. Genetics- Some of our talents, temperaments, and interests may be inherited.
2. Culture- Whatever we have inherited from our ancestors will gain meaning from the way our culture contextualizes it.
Ex: View of shyness in US vs Japan
3. Relationships- Other people make/confirm who we are. The self is like a diamond, with many facets reflecting the different identities we have built in our various relationships. Who we are is often a matter of who we are with. Also the collective voice like "don't litter".
4. Experience and Action- What makes up the "who" of who we are involves what we concern ourselves with, the things that we do, the people we live among, and the actions we take or do not take in the face of such concerns. Some people build upon our possibilities others can take them away.
5. Freedom To Be Who We Choose- We can choose our attitude, who we surround ourselves with, our environment to some extent, etc. All influence who we are. |
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Term
| "We are all born twice, once to a biological mother, and then to a social or cultural mother..." |
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Definition
| - Physically born and then reborn once we acquire language and can use it to understand ourselves. For this reason we are aware of other people before we are aware of ourselves. |
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Term
| "The uniqueness developed between people becomes the source of uniqueness eventually identified as within the individual." |
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Definition
| - What I am is something I do first with other people. For example, how do I know I am funny unless someone else laughs at my joke? |
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Term
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Definition
- "I" is the acting part of the self in the moment. We are born with "I".
- "Me" evaluates the act. The "Me" is all the perspectives that we have internalized (Mom's expectations, a friend's judgement, etc). How we think people will view us and our actions.
"I" cooking for someone, "Me" wonders if they liked it and think I am a terrible cook.
- The self is the inner forum, that silent internal conversation between "I" and "Me". |
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Term
| "We experience ourselves as a horizon of concerns and possibilities." |
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Definition
- We are never finished or complete. We are a horizon of projects, of desires and dreams for ourselves.
- Who would I be without my hopes and dreams?
- Who I want to be is a huge part of who I am. |
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Term
| What is it that made you who you are? |
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Definition
1. Genetics- Some of our talents, temperaments, and interests may be inherited.
2. Culture- Whatever we have inherited from our ancestors will gain meaning from the way our culture contextualizes it.
Ex: View of shyness in US vs Japan
3. Relationships- Other people make/confirm who we are. The self is like a diamond, with many facets reflecting the different identities we have built in our various relationships. Who we are is often a matter of who we are with. Also the collective voice like "don't litter".
4. Experience and Action- What makes up the "who" of who we are involves what we concern ourselves with, the things that we do, the people we live among, and the actions we take or do not take in the face of such concerns. Some people build upon our possibilities others can take them away.
5. Freedom To Be Who We Choose- We can choose our attitude, who we surround ourselves with, our environment to some extent, etc. All influence who we are. |
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Term
| "We are all born twice, once to a biological mother, and then to a social or cultural mother..." |
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Definition
| - Physically born and then reborn once we acquire language and can use it to understand ourselves. For this reason we are aware of other people before we are aware of ourselves. |
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Term
| "The uniqueness developed between people becomes the source of uniqueness eventually identified as within the individual." |
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Definition
| - What I am is something I do first with other people. For example, how do I know I am funny unless someone else laughs at my joke? |
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Term
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Definition
- "I" is the acting part of the self in the moment. We are born with "I".
- "Me" evaluates the act. The "Me" is all the perspectives that we have internalized (Mom's expectations, a friend's judgement, etc). How we think people will view us and our actions.
"I" cooking for someone, "Me" wonders if they liked it and think I am a terrible cook.
- The self is the inner forum, that silent internal conversation between "I" and "Me". |
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Term
| "We experience ourselves as a horizon of concerns and possibilities." |
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Definition
- We are never finished or complete. We are a horizon of projects, of desires and dreams for ourselves.
- Who would I be without my hopes and dreams?
- Who I want to be is a huge part of who I am. |
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Term
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Definition
We tend to take mental short cuts and come to quick conclusions rather than go through all the work to think things through.
Ex: Stereotype people before we get to know them. |
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Term
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Definition
can tell us how we use information to explain why people do what they do.
-We are all "naive psychologists". We want to know if someones behavior is due to the environment or their personality. Problem is, we often get it wrong.
Ex: Angry boss, you attribute it to his personality because he is a jerk or because things are crazy at the office. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error (Systemic Distortion) |
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Definition
- When we incorrectly attribute the cause of peoples' behaviors.
- We often attribute motive, they meant to do it, more than it actually happens. Ex: My husband didn't wash the dishes, because he knew it would piss me off. |
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Term
| Self-Serving Attribution Bias (Systemic Distortion) |
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Definition
- We attribute our successes to our own personality and efforts, and our failures to external causes.
- We often take more credit for our success than we deserve, and blame other people for failure more than they deserve. |
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Term
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Definition
- The more severe the consequences are of someones behavior, that harder it is for us to believe that he mistake or bad move was random or accidental: We see is as the person's fault. Basically jumping to conclusions.
Ex: He must not love me because he forgot our anniversary |
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Term
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Definition
| We want our beliefs to be consistent, to fit together in a way that does not contradict. We also want to be consistent in what we say and do. No one wants to feel like a hypocrite. We want to avoid cognitive dissonance.We do this through selective exposure. We simply avoid information that contradicts what we already believe. |
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Term
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Definition
is that really uncomfortable feeling that we have when we rae faced with contradictory beliefs about the same thing.
Ex: I find out my best friend is cruel to her kid.
- Dissonance increases the more we value the things we feel conflicted about. |
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Term
| How can someone take advantage of us in our desire to avoid dissonance and have cognitive consistency? |
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Definition
- Foot in the door technique, ask you to do a small thing and it becomes easier to get you to agree to a larger one.
- If we make a public commitment towards something, forced or not, we feel pressure to demonstrate increasing commitment towards it.
- No one likes finding out they have sacrificed something (time, resources, effort, etc) to find out it wasn't worth it. So instead we change our opinion to feel better about it, especially if we did something we didn't agree with for minimal justification ($1 experiment). |
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Term
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Definition
Another way of dealing with dissonance is to learn to observe these feelings rather than react and identify with them. This is a mindfulness technique. Mindfulness is also a mental and emotional state the we can learn to cultivate and build upon.
- Observe thoughts, don't judge them or become hooked to them.
- Helps with emotional hijacking, when the emotional part of your brain takes over the thinking part of your brain. Use mindfulness to recognize that it is happening, and then counter statements to stop what is happening.
EX: Think- I might lose this person Counter Statement- I can deal with loss. |
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Term
| Trait Mindfulness vs. State Mindfulness |
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Definition
| Born with vs. When we are actively attending to the present moment without judgment. |
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Term
| The Elaborated Likelihood Model (ELM) |
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Definition
- Seeks to understand how we can get another person to consider our argument, to engage in issue relevant thinking, and to elaborate on what we are telling them.
- Treats persuasion as a dual process that can include both logical reasoning and more emotive kinds of persuasive "cues".
- We can understand arugements as fitting along a continuum of elaboration from high elaboration ( which means we really need to think it through and understand it) to low elaboration (which means we rely more on how we feel about it, or are persuaded by the expertise of attractiveness of the persuade).
- Two routes was can take to persuade someone: The central route (logic) and the peripheral route (emotion). |
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Term
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Definition
| If you do something for someone else there is a pretty good chance, that at some point, you could reverse course. When you do something because you believe it, there is more of a chance you will stay the course. |
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Term
| The Central Route vs The Peripheral Route |
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Definition
We take the central route when we use facts, figures, evidence, and logical arguments. This requires more cognitive effort from the person, and you have to consider their motivation and ability to process the information. Many people have to believe the problem is relevant to them, and be willing to look past their pre-existing beliefs or bias about the topic.
- Takes more work but leads to lasting behavior and attitude change, because this method is better at getting people to believe things rather than just comply.
vs.
Relies on emotional cues, rather than strong argument. Requires less cognitive effort and allows for mental shortcuts. Sticks quicker but doesn't stick as long. Used a lot in marketing.
A combo of the two routes is the most effective |
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Term
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Definition
| When I let my pre-existing beliefs and biases distort, or dismiss information that contradicts what I already believes. |
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Definition
Unconscious behaviors that are triggered by something in the environment. Ex: Girl twirling her hair in the bar. -Can be used for peripheral route.
Ex: People are wired to reciprocate. So if someone asks you to do a small thing they can probably get you to do something bigger later. There are are reciprocal concessions. We won't give someone an entire brownie when they ask, but if they ask for half we normally concede. |
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Term
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Definition
The sense that I will do something if everyone else is treating the same behavior as normal. The problem with social proof arises when we engage in pluralistic ignorance. If we stumble upon someone who is hurt we try to help them vs bystander effect on a very busy street.
- Peripheral Route |
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Term
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Definition
- Peripheral Route
- Scarcity, It's all running out better hurray...
- Authority: Genuine or Fake, Doctors recommendation vs Person in a lab coat who says they are a doctor. |
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Term
| How to win hearts and minds |
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Definition
1. Consider your audience
2. Design and evaluate your message
3. Decide what KIND of change you are after
4. Evaluate how well it all fits together
5. Test your message |
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