1)legal system

2) organizational practices

3) technological constraints

factors that we are unaware of

1) legal system

-changes in copyright law: european books in the 19th century had no copyright rights in the US, so they were cheaper, but once copyright was introduced to them, their prices went up, and US authors had to reinvent themselves. this led to the birth of huck finn etc.

-samplim music laws. before=used a lot. now? not really. its copyright infringement.

factors that we are unaware of

2) organizational practices

-the way an organization is ran.

- ex. only a very small fraction of songs end up on the radio, same with books and films. this is because of the market testing of songs, test markets test them to see if they like it. play only part of the song, so this privileges songs with catchy tunes and hooks, or instantly gratifying music. this filters out complex music. popular music reflects on the organizational strategies, which leads to a diff. in mainstream music.

factors that we are unaware of

3) technological constraints.

-from acoustic to electric guitar.

-from silent to sound movies.

-flom b/w to color.

-constraints of 10 inch discs that can only hold 3 mins per side, so all songs were 3 minutes. now, we're used to that, even though they can hold on to much more music.

-music to mp3 changed the idea we view songs, from parts of albums to singular entities.

-3 min songs.

you can have a single/double albums, but no more.

-movies are only two hours long

if you dont do these, you run the risks of alienating people. although breaking culture can also be exciting.

Media storage

and factors as well

most media content is stored in some way, shape, or form. very few is live. it is stored for editing.

factors: 1) longetivity. 2) capacity 3) portability 4) accessability 5) reproducibility.

1)scholarship and science

2) oral traditions

3) languages

4) authorship

5) commercialization

6) pagination

7) secularization

most specialized

-in our lives

- mark live's stages for you, who you are as a person, as you have evolve din life. books you read in college-high school.

books follow us from place to place, house to house, reminding you of your life stages.

-they are physical evidence of your past and who you are.

succesful genre. women can read them w/out other people knowing that they're reading.

fastest growing segway of e-reading market.

it's the patters of reading online. F is for fast.

also, people start skipping lines, in the form of an F. so they take in much less.

1) general

2) specialized

aimed at some particular groups. (The Korean Times)

religious grops, environmentalists, etc.

organizations that go out and collect news and sells them to whoever want them (the AP) they are cooperative.

they go out, collect news, and create stories. intitally used the telepgraph.

magazines require the least amount of capital, can be ran cheaper, more separate owners.

-more timely than books

-longer deadlines

- power to sustain a topic overtime

-not as permanent as books, but not as disposable as newspapers.

came from online competition.

- developed websites that go hand in hand w/ magazines (for example, the bride magazine and the website)

after TV took radio's audiences, it had to reinvent itself.

it began to focus on music. recording industry is becoming popular through the radio. they were joined. radio provided advertisement. free exposure of rec. industry products.

1) rock n roll

2) FM radio

3) $

4) counter-culture.

comes froma misunderstood lyric.

can be found in any area of spoken word.

when we are correctd, we like our version better.

example: they're so weird and wonderful -- they sell weed, they're wonderful.

film's first subject matter.

realistic pictures w/ motion emphasized

example: Niagara Falls, Mary getting her head cut.

hystorically important film.

2.5 hours long, it was like re writing history w/ lighting.

most popular film of the era.

1) as far away from the MPCC as possible.

2) a lot of cheap land.

3) weather was great. Films could be made all year round.

studios focused on bottom line, so studios were bought up.

example: coca cola bought up Columbia

two movies that made huge amounts of money.

these were Jaws and Star Wars. young people watched these movies again and again.

if Part 1 was succesful, then par 2 had to be good.

this continues to the present day.

films made on TV, Brady Bunch, Mission impossible. Rugrats, South Park, Charlies Angels. Sex and the City.

TV shows based upn video games and comic books.

takes franchise back to it origins, and charge the storyline.

example: Batman Begins, Star Trek.

1) opening a movie very strong. identifiable actors sometimes help the first opening weeknd to be big, although sometimes not even they can help it ( The Tourist)

2) attracting an international audience. Some actors make big bucks outside the US, though not famous in the US.

exmaple: stalone.

idea that internationally, actors running around killing people usually sells. why? there isn't much dialogue. minimal subtitles, flashy visuals trascend cultural differences.

-currently, action is not as dominant at is used to be.

indie films have been helped by this.

its pretty much multi screens in a theatre.

you go to AMC and they have like 15 screens.

they are mostly in the malls. symbiotic relationship.

they have become more appealing, with longer leg space, food, etc.

1) selling videos to a video rental store would make money.

2) sell through market= selling them straight to the people. less profot margin but more videos sold. family fils were firstly famous. then it moved to all sorts of films.

videos never shown in movie theatres. usually the really bad movies. then used for other filsm, such as sequels to animation films.

examples: pocahontas, mulan 2, sometimes sequels and prequels, such as American Pie 2.

movie studios are making more money with all these out of the box office (merchanside, video, etc.) with all these, huge amounts of money can be made from movies.

example: jurassic park made 1.2B from merchandise.

1) organizational structure

2) style and content

3) function

allows you to overcome time and space restrictions. (anywhere you want, anytime you want it.

two types.

1) real radio stations

2)internet radio stations.

Economics of Mass Media

4 basic types of media support systems

1) audience.

2) ad

3) ad+audience

4) subsidized

1) newspeople

2)organizational pressure

3)technological factors

4)factors in story

5)audience

they are not objective. they have political and social bias. some are conservative and some liberal. reporters are usually liberal (civil rights/abortion) and democratic. producers and publishers are usually conservative.

newspapers carry to the basis of their audience. FOX news is conservative. Liberals point out news is big business, katie couric: more money, more conservative. there's also subculturalbias. reporters are relatively the same.

-beat systems

- pack journalism

-regularized

-deadlines

the news media has to predict where news are going to occur to put recorders there.

example: white house beats, presidential trail beats, so since there are beats, that's how they get on the news.

the media wants certain types of story because they are more effective. prefer stories that revolve around events that happen at a specific time in place.

-events, timely events, drama, conflicts, unusual stories, proximity, personalization, good film.

telling a story w/ a beginning, middle and end.

example: little boy is lost and found. presidential campaigns.

1) defining realm of expression

2) cost/benefit analysis

obscenity is not protected. how do you define which is obscene? it differs, varies from individual to individual.  literature sometimes was ranked as obscene. in tahity, when europeans found that eating in public was obscene, but having sex wasn't.

national community standards are not applicable, but local community standards are.

18049 and 18-34.

why? they want to get you when you're younger and you still haven't developed brand loyalty. most ads are about products that appeal to young people.

ads that instead of trying to directly buy their products, they try to develop the image of the company, such as companies that have a bad reputation. usually done by connecting companies to good causes.

example: cigarettes to help disaster relief. budweiser encouraging not drinking/driving.

associate name w/product. a problem can emerge if it becomes too succesful, ot will become the generic name of a product, you can lose your brand name rights.

example: aspirin, yoyo, escalator, xerox.

a lot cheaper than sell out music, and after being used by the add, the music will probably sell more.

it is also a better way to attract young people.