Term
| Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872) |
|
Definition
| Developed the electromagnetic telegraph and Morse Code. First message telegraphed from Washinton to Baltimore in 1844. |
|
|
Term
| What were the six phases in radio’s development? |
|
Definition
1. scientific achievements/rise of comm giants
2. Radio stations
3. Radio financing
4. formation of networks
5. radio programming
6. regulation of radio broadcasting |
|
|
Term
| Who really invented radio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thomas Edison (1847-1931) |
|
Definition
| The "Wizard of Menlo Park" patented over 1,000 inventions, including the phonograph, the kinetography (a motion picture camera) and the kinetoscope (a motion picture viewer). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inventor of the telephone in 1875 and co-founded Bell Telephone Co. in 1877 |
|
|
Term
| Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) |
|
Definition
| German physicist who in 1887 discovered the first known electromagnetic waves other than visible light. The first to demonstrate experimentally the production and detection of Clerk Maxwell's waves. This discovery led directly to radio, television, and radar. |
|
|
Term
| Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) |
|
Definition
| Italian physicist and radio inventor. In 1896 he put together all the elements for the first wireless radio transmission. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for physics in 1909. |
|
|
Term
| Reginald Fessenden (1866-1932) |
|
Definition
| Canadian radio engineer and inventor who was the first to transmit the human voice via wireless on Christmas Eve, 1906. He developed the theory of the “continuous wave.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inventor of the audion tube which gave him the title of “the father of radio.” |
|
|
Term
| Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954) |
|
Definition
| Electrical engineer who invented FM (frequency modulation) radio. |
|
|
Term
| How and why did the Radio Corporation of America develop? |
|
Definition
| to get rid of the Marconi Company (Great Britain), which controlled radio communication. |
|
|
Term
| Of all the Corporations within RCA, which had the most power? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first program broadcast on radio? |
|
Definition
| In 1909, in San Jose Californiia, Charles "Doc" Herrold from 1912 - 1917 he provided music, news, and talk on a regular basis on KQW, now KCBS - San Francisco. |
|
|
Term
| What type of programs were eventually offered? |
|
Definition
| Sports, politics, music, etc. |
|
|
Term
| How did the networks develop? |
|
Definition
| Through a series of negotiations, representatives of the radio & telephone groups reached an agreement. |
|
|
Term
| David Sarnoff (1891-1971) |
|
Definition
Founder of the National Broadcasting Company. Invented the magazine concept whereby the network would produce and control programs and sell time within programs to advertisers.
•Idea of a “radio music box”
•Invented mass broadcasting in America |
|
|
Term
| William S. Paley (1901-1990) |
|
Definition
| Visionary who took over a tiny failing radio network with only 16 affiliate stations and developed it into a world-class communications empire called CBS, which he bought in 1928 and guided as president and chairman for over 50 years. Brought Lucille Ball, Edward R. Murrow, and Jackie Gleason to his network. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Government made NBC sell on of its two networks, NBC sold it's blue network (it's weaker at the time) to Noble who made his fortune manufacturing life savers candy. In 1945 it became the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). |
|
|
Term
| How did William W. Paley attract stars to his network? |
|
Definition
| Paley knew how to entertain America, he raided his competitor Sarnoff (NBC) for its comedic talents. He also enticed stars to his station by offering them a contract & book keeping arrangements they couldn't refuse. |
|
|
Term
| How was radio financed during various stages in its development? |
|
Definition
| At First, Station owners covered the cost of radio. Then other suggestions floated around like "toll broadcasting" where you had to pay a fee to use the station to deliver a message. Then came advertisers who sponsered or bought a program which paved the way for advertising to become the source. |
|
|
Term
| Why and how did regulation of radio develop? |
|
Definition
| Amateur radio operators were among those who first sought some government regulation. In 1912 a radio licensing law was passed by congress who was pressured by the Navy. That law gave government the right to regulate broadcasting because the navy complained about the jammed wireless communications. That law was in effect until the radio act of 1927 which came about when the 1912 law was lifted & no law was in place, chaos erupted within the broadcasting industry and it was them who led for a new law - 1927. |
|
|
Term
| What impacts did radio have on America? |
|
Definition
1. It became a vehicle of news & entertainment
2. Radio became a powerful & influential political tool.
3. Radio continues to influence political discourse & maybe creating a seperate entity of power in a "talkocracy"
4. Radio in its early years helped unify the nation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Became the longest running show in radio history & introduced the craze for comedies. |
|
|
Term
| President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced: |
|
Definition
| The use of radio as a political instrument & probably best understood its potential power = "fireside chats" = soothed a desperate nation during the Great Depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used the media to inspire the nation, she conducted first press conference ever held by a U.S. president's wife in 1933. She tried to help women journalists, she also saw that toilets for women were installed in the capitol's press galleries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used his pen to offer foxhole view of world war II. He was killed by a sniper's gun in April 1945 when he was with a group of infantry men. The first scheduled political program in America on November 2, 1920 - coverage of the election of Republican Harding over Democrat Cox. |
|
|
Term
| Why does Daniel J. Boorstin call the early ad campaign to lure adventurers to the new world one of the most unscrupulous in history? |
|
Definition
| In the 17th Century promoters for the American Colonies did not "Level" with the new settlers. The advertisements in English brochures were filled with half truths & downright lies; they lured by promised fountains of youth. Advertising played a vital role in the promise & exploitation of the New World. |
|
|
Term
| Why is advertising called a "special rhetoric"? |
|
Definition
| because we accord advertising a place of special prominence in our lives. It has become a "priviliged form of discourse", once reserved for church sermons, political oratory, and family words from the elders. |
|
|
Term
| What did early newspaper publishers and editors think about advertising? |
|
Definition
| they considered advertising a degrading and undesirable necessity. |
|
|
Term
| What changes occurred in advertising from the 1830s to 1865? |
|
Definition
| In 1833 Benjamin Day's New York Sun paper appealed to all groups rather than the earlier editors who sought specialized political parties. Day also instituted a cash-in-advance policy that other editors followed. James Bennett, most successful of the penny press editors, required advertisers who placed small ads daily commplained about bigger display ads. 19th cent. changed ads by the invention of specialized machinery -advances in transportation - railroads. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Volney Palmer make to the development of the advertising agency? |
|
Definition
| First advertising agent, though he only sold space in publications. First to use the term “advertising agency." |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Samuel Pettengill (1823-1891) make to the development of the advertising agency? |
|
Definition
| Advertising agent who expanded the advertising agency to include copywriting services as well as space-selling services. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did George P. Rowell make to the development of the advertising agency? |
|
Definition
| space = wholesaling agency, he developed a plan of buying space in bulk on annual contract retailing it to advertisers at a profit to himself. Ge guaranteed payment, offered advertisers discounts. Enabled advertisers to see advertisement before it was printed - 1867 he over takes the largest agency. |
|
|
Term
| What ethical concerns developed with early advertisements? |
|
Definition
| no actual circulation figures were available. advertisers thought that agents favored certain papers in their own interest. advertisers would exaggerate claims. |
|
|
Term
| How did George P. Rowell and Francis W. Ayer attempt to make advertising more ethical? |
|
Definition
Rowell = In 1869 his agency published the first issue of "Rowell's American Newspaper Directory, which listed the circulations of publications. Another was rowell's Printer's Ink, eventually became the advertising industries voice - contained suggestion for improving advertising copy.
Ayer = To represent the advertisers he developed what he called "the open contract" plus commission. That meant he would represent & be paid by the advertiser instead of the publisher. Instead of being just a space seller like other agencies, Ayer's agency would become a space-buyer. The open contract would become the foundation stone of Ayer's success. Ayer also was the first agency to base an advertising campaign on a market survey. It also issued the American newspaper annual, which listed every newspaper & magazine published in the United States & Canada. by 1900 Ayer's agency was the largest in the nation & its growth coincided with the introduction of household products known as brands. |
|
|
Term
| How did advertising copywriting evolve? |
|
Definition
| Pettengill started working for palmer's agency & then opened his own firm in New York & expanded his agency services to offer copywriting services too;some thing not done before. From then on the advertising agency evolved into it's present form in the first decade of the 20th century. With the basic structure in place, product innovations pushed the business to emphasize the ad itself. |
|
|
Term
| What changes did John E. Powers make to advertising copywriting? |
|
Definition
| Considered “the father of honest advertising.” Called the first greatest full-time copywriter and most influential adman of the 1880s. The “Powers style” was a simple, short, lively, cogent, familiar, and unadorned writing style. |
|
|
Term
| What changes did Earnest Elmo Calkins make to advertising copywriting? |
|
Definition
| Interested in the art and design of advertising, including headlines, illustrations, and diverse typefaces. Advanced the soft-sell approach in advertising. |
|
|
Term
| What changes did J.E. Kennedy make to advertising copywriting? |
|
Definition
| Lasker's teacher in Lord & Thomas agency, then hired by Lasker later as a copywriter "best known". Kennedy said advertisement must mimic the presentation a salesman makes - answering all the questions a consumer might have "the copy must be persuasive and positive, known as the "reason-why". |
|
|
Term
| What changes did Albert Lasker make to advertising copywriting? |
|
Definition
| Revolutionized advertising by using persuasion. Hired J.E. Kennedy who taught him the concept of advertising as “salesmanship-on-paper.” This meant that people that read advertisements need to be given a reason why they should buy the product. |
|
|
Term
| What changes did Rosser Reeves make to advertising copywriting? |
|
Definition
| Rosser leader of J. walter thompson agency would provide the last stage in the evolution of advertising copy. At first he could not write copy so he hired bansdowne one of the first women successful in writing national advertising. Later he married her and injected psycholosy into advertising |
|
|
Term
| In what ways has advertising had an impact on the social life of America? |
|
Definition
| Some of the attention to the body paid off & made people healthier - it implied liberation from victorian denials of the body. 1920s - roaring 20s open discussion of sexuality & birth control the emergence of Americas first. Youth culture, newfound freedoms for women, unprecedented technological advances. A new consumer culture - convenience & efficiency. |
|
|
Term
| In what ways has advertising been a political force in America? |
|
Definition
| within the arrival of television in the 1950s, advertising became a political force particularly in presidential campaigns. Political advertising had been around since 1840 william harrison's campaaign but the modern day 30-second long TV Spot commercial ignored party label & issues and rather concentrated on the candidates personality. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by muckraking? What were the aim of muckrakers? Why were they so unique in American journalism? |
|
Definition
| muckrakers, name applied to American journalists, novelists, and critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics. There aim was to expose not solve problems of urban America. Since the 1870s there had been recurrent efforts at reform in government, politics, and business, but it was not until the advent of the national mass-circulation magazines such as McClure's, Everybody's, and Collier's that the muckrakers were provided with sufficient funds for their investigations and with a large enough audience to arouse nationwide concern. |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by muckraking? What were the aim of muckrakers? Why were they so unique in American journalism? |
|
Definition
| muckrakers, name applied to American journalists, novelists, and critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics. There aim was to expose not solve problems of urban America. Since the 1870s there had been recurrent efforts at reform in government, politics, and business, but it was not until the advent of the national mass-circulation magazines such as McClure's, Everybody's, and Collier's that the muckrakers were provided with sufficient funds for their investigations and with a large enough audience to arouse nationwide concern. |
|
|
Term
| What impact did Ida Tarbell have on the social and/or political fabric of the nation? |
|
Definition
Ida Tarbell: Impacts
1. Prompted investigations of Standard Oil
2. Lead to the 1911 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that dissolved the giant corporation into smaller companies
3. Rockefeller responded by hiring PR counsels |
|
|
Term
| What impact did Lincoln Steffens have on the social and/or political fabric of the nation? |
|
Definition
Lincoln Steffens
1. Examined the structure of city politics
2. Found corruption was political, financial, commercial, and social
3. Businessmen colluded with politicians to secure privileges from government |
|
|
Term
| What impact did David Graham Phillips have on the social and/or political fabric of the nation? |
|
Definition
David Graham Phillips
1. Nobody in the U.S. Senate had any other reason to be there than his skill in being a valet for some powerful interest
2. Result: the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
|
|
Term
| What impact did Upton Sinclair have on the social and/or political fabric of the nation? |
|
Definition
Upton Sinclair
1. Greatest novelist of our time?
2. Sharpest observer of our time?
3. Dullest, empty windbag of our time?
4. A different kind of character
5. Most translated author in the world
6. Ignored by academics
7. Novelist turns politician
8. Wrote The Jungle
9. Result: The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 |
|
|
Term
| How did progressivism, and especially its journalism, undermine the ritual of political participation? |
|
Definition
| Progressives asked the public to overturn old assumptions and to view issues in new ways. First, muckraking magazines attacked the notion that a citizen's vote should be an act of loyalty set by tradition and sprung by election spectacle. Political participation was redefined as a thoughtful search for true principle, which was obscured by the surface play of parties. |
|
|
Term
| What were the lessons of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle? |
|
Definition
| He exposed the terrible conditions of Chicago's meatpacking industry. |
|
|
Term
| Why did President Theodore Roosevelt label writers of exposure “muckrakers”? Of which muckrakers was he thinking when he penned the name? How did his attitude change toward muckrakers and muckraking? |
|
Definition
| The term derives from the word muckrake used by President Theodore Roosevelt in a speech in 1906, in which he agreed with many of the charges of the muckrakers but asserted that some of their methods were sensational and irresponsible. He compared them to a character from Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress who could look no way but downward with a muckrake in his hands and was interested only in raking the filth. |
|
|
Term
| What brought about the decline of the muckraking movement? |
|
Definition
| With the advent of World War I, Americans turned their attention away from national issues to international issues. Meanwhile, President Woodrow Wilson solved many of the problems these reporter-reformers exposed. Muckrakers retreated in the face of organized counterattacks by business, which used advertising and public relations. Advertising was becoming too important economically to the magazines for them to continue their activist role. |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays’ philosophy of public relations. Why is Bernays revered as the “father of public relations”? |
|
Definition
Ivy Lee’s Philosophy
1, Argued that informing the press and public, rather than operating in secret would earn greater public favor, even if the news was not positive
2. Issued a “Declaration of Principles”
Ivy Lee’s Declaration of Principles
1. All work will be done in the open
2. All work will be accurate
3. Assistance to editors who need clarification of details
Edward Bernay’s Philosophy
1. Engineering of consent based on the principles put forth by Thomas Jefferson that in a democracy everything depends on the consent of the public’s attitude
2. PR was “conscious shaping of the public’s attitude”
3. People want to go where they are led
The modern master of the propaganda game was PR genius Edward Bernays, Viennese-born nephew of Sigmund Freud. Bernays took propaganda seriously for his career work: he combined individual and social psychology, public opinion studies, political persuasion and advertising to construct “necessary illusions” which filtered out to the masses as “reality.” |
|
|
Term
| The motion picture did not become a well-developed entertainment medium overnight. What were the five major phases of its development? |
|
Definition
American Film History
1. Motion-Picture Experimentation
– 1912-1914
2. Storytelling Motion Pictures
– 1914-1919
3. Economic Expansion of the Motion-Picture Industry
– 1919-1927
4. Sound Motion Pictures
– 1927-1939
5. Challenges to the Motion-Picture Business
– 1940-Present |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Edward Muybridge make to the development of American film? |
|
Definition
Edward Muybridge: Film Producer
1. First to capture a subject in rapid unopposed movement
2. Produced the first motion picture: Occident Trotting
3. Never knew he was a film pioneer |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Thomas Edison make to the development of American film? |
|
Definition
Thomas Edison: Great Inventor
1. Invented the first movie machine: kinetoscope
2. Produced some of the first films in the United States |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Edwin Porter make to the development of American film? |
|
Definition
Edwin Porter: Visual Potential of Films
1. Made effective use of editing
2. Utilized innovative camera work
3. Used actors, costumes, sets, and staged schemes |
|
|
Term
| What were the contents of early motion pictures? |
|
Definition
| Early motion pictures were usualy westerns, romances, comedies, melodramas, historical epics, adventure tales, and sometimes political in nature. |
|
|
Term
| Why can it be said that the story of David W. Griffith’s innovations is the story of the development of film as an entertainment and artistic medium? |
|
Definition
| Because he shaped the basic elements of filmmaking into the language and syntax that served cinema for more than half a century. He emerged as the master of film technique and the greatest American film story-teller. |
|
|
Term
| What innovations did David W. Griffith make toward the development of the modern motion picture? What impact did Griffith’s innovations have on society? |
|
Definition
David W. Griffith: Refiner of Film Techniques
1. Camera
2. Composition and lighting
3. Editing
4. Photographic effects
David W. Griffith: Father of Film
1. Developed film as an entertainment medium
2. Established film as a respectable art form
3. Considered the greatest film storyteller
4. Made film a powerful medium |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Mack Sennett make to the development of American film? Why is he credited with beginning the “star system”? |
|
Definition
Mack Sennett: Father of Film Comedy
1. Applied Griffith’s techniques to comedy
2. Fashioned a comic aesthetic that would become the standard
3. Established the star system - Sennett discovered many stars. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did George Méliés make to modern American film? |
|
Definition
George Méliés
1. the first movie (Cinderella) was created by George Méliés who artfully arranged scenes to form a plot |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Adolph Zukor make to modern American film? |
|
Definition
Remembered as the person who contracted the services of the most popular stars of the era. He introduced block booking where theaters had to exhibit "B" movies along with big hits. He also developed the concept of vertical monopoly wherein studios controlled the entire process of motion pictures from concept to exhibition.
Adolph Zukor
1. Signed the most popular stars
2. Introduced block booking
3. concept of vertical monopoly |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Thomas Ince make to modern American film? |
|
Definition
Thomas Ince
1. Introduced studio management – Divided studio’s artistic and administrative functions
2. Introduced detailed shooting scripts, tight schedules, accountants |
|
|
Term
| Why is it said Hollywood began with the failure of the Motion Picture Patents Company? |
|
Definition
| Because MPPC kept actors from becoming well known and they limited all their films to ten minutes. As soon as the MPPC was outlawed by the courts other companies were able to start making films and extending their length and giving actors more recognition. |
|
|
Term
| What attracted the film industry to Southern California? |
|
Definition
| Southern California offered filmmakers more daylight hours, good weather, low taxes, diversity of scenery - from ocean to mountains to desert within easy traveling distances. It also had an abundance of cheap labor and cheap land, which companies bought for studios, standing sets, and back lots. |
|
|
Term
| What small studio took a chance on sound motion pictures? What were some of the disadvantages of the silent screen that live shows could exploit? |
|
Definition
| Warner Brothers took a chance on sound motion pictures. Some of the disadvantages of the silent screen were that you could not add music to the film or expression of speech. |
|
|
Term
| What were the early attempts at film censorship? |
|
Definition
| An ordinance required that a permit from the superintendent of police had to be obtained before any film could be exhibited. Police censors could ban films if they judged them immoral or obscene, or if they portrayed depravity, criminality, or lack of virtue of a class of citizens of any race, color, creed, or religion and exposed them to contempt, derision, or obloquy, or tended to produce a breach of the peace or riots, or purported to represent any hangins, lynchings, or burning of a human being. |
|
|
Term
| Why did motion pictures become a popular medium by the turn of the century? |
|
Definition
| Because David W. Griffith made film an entertainment medium and the general public loved this new form of entertainment. |
|
|
Term
| What inducements were used to attract audiences to film by 1936? |
|
Definition
| In a desperate move to lure back customers, the industry cut admission prices and offered double features, door prizes, games, and lotteries as well as live entertainment. |
|
|
Term
| What three things delivered a knockout blow to popular stage entertainment? |
|
Definition
| The development of movies, The development of sound with movies, and the "star system". |
|
|
Term
| What impact did the anti-trust charges by the U.S. Department of Justice have on the motion picture industry? |
|
Definition
| Production of motion pictures by the major studios declined because they could no longer bank on automatic bookings for all the pictures they could make. The first to go were low-budget movies without big stars, because they could not get enough bookings in open market competition. The court's decision (ordered studios to end block booking and to sell off their theaters) also forced the studios to reduce their roster of actors, ending the contract system that had trained and developed new stars for the industry. |
|
|
Term
| What changes occurred in the motion picture business in the 1950s? What impact did television have on moviegoing? What crippled the motion picture business? What crippled the motion picture business in the 1950s? |
|
Definition
| The television was introduced and movie attendance fell 20 to 40 percent where television broadcasting was available. Television crippled the motion picture business, they decided to ignore television instead of being a part of it. |
|
|
Term
| How did/does the absorption of the studios by conglomerates affect the movie business? |
|
Definition
| Corporate decision-making was placed in the hands of accountants, lawyers, and even hairdressers who knew little, if anything, about the movies. Costs also kept filmmakers from gambling on untried formulas. This has resulted in a concentration on sequels, restorations and remakes, on of the latest being Titanic, which cost 200 million dollars - the most ever spent to make a movie. |
|
|
Term
| What does the word advertising mean? |
|
Definition
Advertising Defined
Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. |
|
|
Term
How many ads is a person exposed to each day?
nA. 30
B. 300
C. 3,000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is considered the “father of advertising”?
A. Albert Lasker
B. J. Walter Thompson
C. P.T. Barnum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whose plan created the first advertising agency?
A. J. Walter Thompson
C. Francis W. Ayer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
He developed a plan of buying space in bulk on an annual contract and retailing it to advertisers at a profit to himself?
A. J. Walter Thompson
B. Albert Lasker
C. George Rowell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
He realized that specialized magazines would be an effective spot for advertising?
A. J. Walter Thompson
B. Albert Lasker
C. Claude Hopkins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the first advertising success story?
A. Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound
B. Ivory Soap
C. Carter’s Little Liver Pills |
|
Definition
| A. Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound |
|
|
Term
This inventor of the “plain sell approach” was called the “father of honest advertising.”
A. Albert Lasker
B. John Powers
C. J.E. Kennedy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was interested in the art of the advertisement, developing a complete advertisement with text and design?
A. Albert Lakser
B. John Powers
C. Earnest Elmo Calkins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nWhich king of hard sell injected persuasion into advertisements?
A. Earnest Calkins
B. Rosser Reeves
C. Albert Lasker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who defined advertising as “dramatic salesmanship”?
A. J. Walter Thompson
B. Albert Lasker
C. Claude Hopkins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some companies used advertising to invent diseases which their products could cure. Which was a disease they did invented?
A. Body odor (BO)
B. Halatosis
C. Psoriasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nThe first radio commercial which hit the airwaves in 1922, beginning the commercialization of radio, was an advertisement for:
A. Real estate
B. Power
C. Books |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who first injected psychology into advertising?
A. Albert Lasker
B. J.E. Powers
C. Stanley Resor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the considered the best medium to use emotion to sell a product?
A. Radio
B. Newspapers
C. Television |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What impact has advertising had on the American culture?
A. “Industrial culture” to “consumer
culture”
B. “Consumption communities” replace
ethnic bonds
C. Ads promoted a “society of leisure”
D. All the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who first used product advertising on political candidates?
A. J. Walter Thomson
B. Rosser Reeves
C. Albert Lasker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was the first president to use television advertisement in his campaign?
A. George Bush Sr.
B. Dwight D. Eisenhower
C. Lyndon B. Johnson |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which campaign produced the most controversial political ad in U.S. history?
A. George Bush
B. Dwight D. Eisenhower
C. Lyndon B. Johnson |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Paul Nipkow make to television’s development? |
|
Definition
| Nipkow: German engineer. Invented a spinning disk that would become the basis for the first working television system. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did John L. Baird make to television’s development? |
|
Definition
| Baird: Made the world’s first working television set by purchasing an old hat box, a pair of scissors, needles, bicycle light lenses, tea chest, ceiling wax, and glue. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Campbell Swinton make to television’s development? |
|
Definition
| Swinton: Proposed an electronic television. Envisioned a camera tube. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Vladimir Zworykin make to television’s development? |
|
Definition
| Zworykin: Developed the first electronic television camera tube, the iconoscope. Also, he invented the kinescope, a cathode ray tube. |
|
|
Term
| What contributions did Philo Farnsworth make to television’s development? |
|
Definition
| Farnsworth: Believed that television’s future lay in an electronic system; he transmitted various graphic designs via a proto-television. |
|
|
Term
| Why did a battle take place between Farnsworth and RCA over television patents? Who would eventually be declared the “father of television”? |
|
Definition
| RCA and Farnsworth battled over the patent. Sarnoff is known as the “Father of Television.” |
|
|
Term
| How many TV stations did the FCC give approval for at the onset of commercial broadcasting? How many stations were still broadcasting at the war’s end in 1945? |
|
Definition
| FCC approved 18 stations in 1941. Post-war: 49 stations. |
|
|
Term
| Who fought over the development of color television? |
|
Definition
| Sarnoff versus William Paley |
|
|
Term
| Why was Sarnoff so adamant in television’s early development that set be black and white? |
|
Definition
| It was a direct challenge to RCA and a threat to Sarnoff’s domination of the television industry. |
|
|
Term
| What was Peter Goldmark’s contribution to television development? |
|
Definition
| Goldmark perfected CBS’s color television system. |
|
|
Term
| Which television executive was “star driven”? Which was “technology driven”? |
|
Definition
| CBS was star driven. NBC was technology driven. |
|
|
Term
| What type of programming was offered in the early days of television? |
|
Definition
| Programming: Situation Comedies, Variety Shows, Dramas, Quiz Shows |
|
|
Term
| Why did the quiz show scandals develop? What results were put in place following the investigations? |
|
Definition
| The Quiz Show Scandal developed after the first show failed when the scores were tied zero to zero. From that moment on, they decided to rig ‘21’. The Quiz Show Scandal had wide ranging consequences: quiz show producers were forced out of TV and unofficially blacklisted for years, many disgraced contestants hid from their pasts, networks took control of programs away from sponsors, big prize quiz programs were scrapped, and federal regulations were enacted against fraud. |
|
|
Term
| Why is Edward R. Murrow considered one of the great broadcasters of all time? |
|
Definition
| Murrow took an entirely new approach to news reporting. He exploited to the fullest the drama and excitement inherent in the news. Murrow made television respectable. |
|
|
Term
| Why is “The Case Against Milo Radulovich” important in television history? |
|
Definition
| The Milo Redulovich case was too good not to be publicized said Murrow and Friendly. They gave Redulovich what his government had denied him: the right to defend himself. Redulovich was allowed to stay in the United States Air Force. |
|
|
Term
| Why is Joseph McCarthy considered an example of the weaknesses of traditional journalistic objectivity? |
|
Definition
| Reporters believed they practiced objective journalism if they wrote down what McCarthy said and spelled his name correctly, because he was a Senator, but what they were writing down was meaningless as he made one charge after another. Journalists didn’t bother putting down all these charges into context in an attempt to provide perspective and meaning. |
|
|
Term
| What was Edward R. Murrow’s plan to attack Joseph McCarthy? |
|
Definition
| Murrow confronted the nation’s demagogue on the powerful medium of television. |
|
|
Term
| What charges did Edward R. Murrow level against television in his October 1958 speech to radio and television news directors? What do you think Murrow would say about today’s television programs? |
|
Definition
| Murrow leveled charges of decadence, escapism, insulation against television. He said that history would judge them poorly. |
|
|
Term
| How much autonomy did Edward R. Murrow have at CBS? Do you think journalists have that much autonomy today? |
|
Definition
| No, journalists do not have the same level of autonomy as Murrow had. |
|
|
Term
| What impact did television have on the nation’s social and political structure? |
|
Definition
| Murrow used the power of television to expose Senator Joseph McCarthy, Martin Luther King Jr. used television to get his message out. President Kennedy and the nation watched TV and witnessed the march on Washington: they heard and saw black leaders call for a revolution in jobs and freedom. |
|
|
Term
| Which have become more powerful since the 1970s, the mass media or holders of power who shaped public opinion by using the media as their agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What evidence exists that the values of journalists changed in the 1970s? Explain. |
|
Definition
| “Pack Journalism” was introduced in the 1970s when a big story emerged, reporters descended on it in droves with such intense concentration that the story rapidly became the nation’s chief topic of conversation, and other news disappeared from the television screen and the front pages. This included events such as the lies of Vietnam, Watergate, and the Iran-Contra Scandal. Journalists became locked in the negative assumption that the government and its political leaders were lying most of the time. |
|
|
Term
| What were the Pentagon Papers? Why did the administration want to stop publication of the document? How did the administration stop publication of the document? What was the court’s response? |
|
Definition
| The Pentagon Papers were forty-seven volumes that revealed that four administrations had lied to Congress and the public about US military and political actions in Indochina, Korea, and Vietnam. New York Times began publishing long sections of the document. Horrified that his own secret maneuvering might be placed in the open, Nixon authorized the establishment of a White House surveillance team known as “The Plumbers.” Attorney General John Mitchell asked the New York Times to discontinue publication of the documents, but they refused. The courts also refused to grant a permanent restraining order. |
|
|
Term
| What impact did Morley Safer’s “The Burning of the Village of Cam Ne” have on the public? |
|
Definition
| The burning of Cam Ne was shown on the CBS evening news with Walter Kronkite to “show what the war in Vietnam is all about.” Safer stood in front of burning huts. The action wounded three women, killed one baby, wounded one Marine, and netted four old men prisoners. |
|
|
Term
| What dirty tricks were played by President Richard Nixon’s men? What role did Donald Segretti play in the campaign? |
|
Definition
| Tapping the phones of newspaper and TV people, writing phoney letters and making phoney calls. The most destructive letter was the Canuck Letter. Donald Segretti was hired by the White House. He was an attorney hired to disrupt the campaigns of Democratic candidates. |
|
|
Term
| What was the “sin” of Watergate? What was President Nixon’s relationship with the press? How did he view the national press? How did he communicate with the public? How did the White House view the Watergate scandal? What did the president call it? |
|
Definition
| The cover-up was the sin of Watergate. Nixon used the media to seize power and influence votes. |
|
|
Term
| What was President Gerald Ford’s relationship with the press? |
|
Definition
| Gerald Ford’s relationship with the press began on a troubled note, but reporters found it impossible to dislike him. They made him the subject of running jokes, yet they could not help having affection for him. |
|
|
Term
| What was President Jimmy Carter’s relationship with the press? What did he think of the press? |
|
Definition
| Carter convinced the electorate of his superior morality, so the shock to some of the people was all the greater when a notorious interview appeared with him appeared in Playboy magazine. People hardly knew whether to laugh or cry at the prospect of such a man in the White House. |
|
|
Term
| Did President Ronald Reagan prove to be the “Great Communicator” as far as the press was concerned? What was his take on the press? |
|
Definition
| Ronald Reagan, although called “The Great Communicator,” did not communicate like any other President to the press. The press could not deal with Reagan in the usual way. Press conferences became more formal, as reporters were told to stay in their assigned seats and raise their hands if they wanted to ask a question. It allowed him to call upon whomever he wanted. After eight months in office, Reagan had become the most inaccessible of modern Presidents. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Iran-Contra scandal about? Do you think the president committed an impeachable offense? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| For the first time in American history, the public watched live coverage of an air war. The public approved of the enws media’s war performance. The media got all the pictures and quotes they needed; they were supplied by the military. The media also got access to the front lines. |
|
|
Term
| How much access to information did the press have during the Grenada Invasion and the Gulf War? |
|
Definition
| They media covered the politics of the military, not its mission. The media covered the people who were going to be responsible for any future military action. |
|
|
Term
| Why was the American media were caught flat-footed in the Gulf? |
|
Definition
| The media got all the quotes they needed; however, they were supplied by the military. Officers closely monitored field interviews with the troops. Pictures showing soldiers in distress were suppressed and television coverage of flag-draped coffins arriving in the US was banned. |
|
|
