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| language is the way to define reality |
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Definition
* it is not jsut a dictionary of words, sounds, and syntax. it is a different way of interpreting reality, refined by generations that developed their language.
• language is a series of sounds that are combined as symbols to acquire meaning
• the symbols such as words stand for other things
• grammar is needed to combine the words into logical patterns of thought |
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| challenges to communicate in a foreign language |
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Definition
• the communicator doesn’t know all of the necessary words
• the communicator doesn’t know the grammar
• ***the first impression of someone is also influenced by our perception of a foreign language that we dont know** |
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*human languages consists of a logical coherent system. system implies patterns, rules, and structure.
*there are two special featres of every human language 1. arbitrariness 2. multilayered rules |
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| the relationship between sound of a word (or its symbols) and its meaning is arbitrary, that is, the sound of a word has no connection to the meaning and is capriciously chosen or randomly picked |
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| sets of rules in the area of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmantics, structure human languages |
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the sound system of each language
the consonant sounds f, v, th, z, j, r… used in English don’t exist in Japanese
Ö, Ä, Ü used in German don’t exist in English. |
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single sounds (phonemes) combine to form morphemes
the 45 english phonemes can be used to generate more than 50 million morphemes
• ear, erosion, ethnic |
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how words are sequenced together (the possible plans how subject, verb and object are combined)
(ex dog eats bones, dog bone eats...)
*the formation of questions is another example (pitch can imply question being asked)
*knowing the rules of a language and possessing a large vocab will not guarantee effective communcation
*communication only makes sense in the situation in which it occurs |
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meaning is a correlation between language and experience. meanings are attached to words b/c of the experiences ppl have larning them
*study of meaning and it takes into account different types of meaning (denotative, connotative, contextual, figurative meanings) |
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| situational rules that govern language usage in a particular culture. this group of rules relates to cultural expectations of who talks to whom about what, when, wehre, how, and under what conditions |
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| eurocentric communication |
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Definition
| in tradition of western world, primary function of speaking is to express thoughts as clearly, logically, and persuasively as possible. speakres expected to be direct, explicit and exact. silence in interpers. comm. is to be avoided. |
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| asiacentric communication |
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Definition
| *mutuality, respect, and honesty are three ethical features common to most asiacentric comm that lead to the following attributes: intuitve, emhatic, silence, reserved, subtle |
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| Asians feel rather than analyze or think about the topics of their communication |
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| Asians feel deeply about the feelings and reactions of others and display affective recognition towards others |
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| Asians are more focused on the mind sounding internally than the tongue exercising externally |
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| assians control emotions and avoid aggressive behaviors, leading to a reserved speaking style |
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| because they stress silence and not verbalization, Asians avoid embarrassing, confronting, or damaging harmony. |
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| context and the use of language |
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*asiacentric and eurocentric communication varies depending on the context and situation.
*americans and europeans also communicate differently in private situations |
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| gender differences in language use |
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Definition
*some ppl argue that men and women live in different worlds, even under same roof.
--for women, speaking is principle way of creating continuing relatinships
--male talk is more forceful, direct, devoid of sympathy, task related |
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(info must be provided explicitly, usually verbally)
•less aware of nonverbal cues, environment, situation
•lack well developed networks
•control info on a “need to know” basis
•prefer explicit directions from someone who “knows” |
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(much information is drawn from surroundings. Little must be transferred explicitly)
•favor nonverbal communication
•relate informationfreely
•take into account environment, situation, gestures, mood
•maintain extensive information networks
•are used to interruptions |
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