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| Attribution/Credit (As Creative Right) |
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Definition
| For example, the work may be licensed under an Attribution- Noncommercial license, which grants any user of the content certain rights and places certain restrictions. In the work where you have reused the licensed work, you want to clearly state the title, author's name and that the work is “used under Creative Commons Attribution - Non-Commercial 3.0 license.” Also, whenever possible, include links to the license terms so others can easily access the information. |
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Suggest that there are some blind spots and limits to the free market (not a free market)
- Promote and protect culture
- Canada has rules- have to air a particular quota of Canadian songs, shows, and movies (possible language preservation) over other countries media
- The people who are talking about it the most are people who are going to gain from it the most
- To open more markets for Hollywood, get rid of that piracy in Hong Kong and trade regulations in France
- These ideas put a pretty dressing on Hollywood's pursuit of self economic interest
- There may be larger values at stake
- May endangered cultural national values
- Women all over the world should like look like women in Hollywood movies
- There is something specific and value in French culture and movies
- Their movies particulate those particular values
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Term
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Definition
French hours is a term used in the film industry, when there is no break for lunch. Instead food is passed around all day long and the crew works continuously. The lack of a lunch break means that crew members and the cast has to steal moments to eat. Joel Schumacher employed French Hours in filming Phone Booth, a film completed in just ten days. |
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Term
| Going the Distance/Canadian Pie |
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Definition
In the 2004 Canadian masterpiece _Going the Distance_, which nicely captures a lot of the shifts we were following in class. We talked about one model of Canadian cinema (and other national cinemas in the shadow of Hollywood), defined in opposition to Hollywood cinema in content and in mode of production, not far from what we'd think of indie or alternative here, and which aims to speak to concerns left out of commercial Hollywood imports. And then there's _Going the Distance_, which seems to get very close to the Hollywood model -- produced by one of Canada's big media conglomerates, through its subsidiary MuchMusic (Canadian MTV?), and not very indie or alternative. Last time we talked about it, I was surprised to learn that it actually did get US distribution, and plays on Comedy Central sometimes -- not as successful as De Grassi, but definitely making some headway on those aspirations to export. Driving some of those shifts home further, apparently in France it's called _Canadian Pie_ -- which maybe about sums it up. |
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Term
| It's not what you know, it's who you know know: |
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Definition
- It's not so much what you know but who you know
- Some industries place a lot of weight on who you know and networking
- Need to find ways to get your foot in the door-sometimes means working for free
- Or working much less than your value
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- A writers assistant (Lyle)- sues Warner Bros for sexual harassment and discrimination based on lascivious behavior based on the writers
- According to the law, there is this idea of a hostile work environment= sexual harassment
- Pantomime masturbation (c-word was thrown around)
- Bitch is not a hostile work place setting- the C word raises other questions
- There is a structural culture of exclusion- men to women and with what they can handle in the writers room
- From an online source: In response to the sexual harassment suit brought by Amaani Lyle, a writers’ assistant on the television show Friends, Warner Brothers argued in the California intermediate appellate court that creative discussions among Friends writers were not structured or orderly and that the processes included sexually explicit jokes and discussions. In its opinion, the court held that, even when not directed at complainant, speech that occurs during the creative process can support a "hostile work environment" claim unless it is protected as "necessary" to the creative process. This means that it is decided as a matter of fact whether the sexual banter was necessary to the creative process for the writers of Friends. On April 20, 2006, the California Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision in this case and dismissed the allegations of sexual harassment on statutory grounds. One opinion in the majority quoted the amicus brief submitted by Media Coalition members, saying speech that is part of the creative process is protected by the First Amendment. The amicus brief highlighted the potential impact of the “creative necessity” test announced by the California Court of Appeals on publishers, booksellers, and librarians. The brief, filed February 4, adopted the legal reasoning of an amicus brief written on behalf of several newspaper associations.
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Term
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Definition
The Motion Picture Association of America's film-rating system is used in the U.S. and its territories to rate a film's thematic and content suitability for certain audiences. The MPAA system applies only to motion pictures that are submitted for rating. Other media (such as television programs and video games) may be rated by other entities. A voluntary system not enforced by law, it is one of various motion picture rating systems used to help parents decide what movies are appropriate for their children.
- The ratings system 1968- production code breaks down and studios shift to what we know of today- same basic idea of G, PG, PG13, R
- We are not making movies on a one size fits all- make all kind of movies
- Audience decides which films are for you and which ones aren't
- Revolutionary shift from the production and film industry to the audience itself- to make the decisions
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Term
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Definition
- According to the law, a hostile work environment = sexual harassment
- Pantomime masturbation (c-word was thrown around)
- Bitch is not a hostile work place setting- the C word raises other questions
- There is a structural culture of exclusion- men to women and with what they can handle in the writers room
Nielsen also provides viewership data calculated as the average viewership for only the commercial time within the program. This "Commercial Ratings" first became available on May 31, 2007. Additionally, Nielsen provides different "streams" of this data in order to take into consideration delayed viewing (DVR) data, at any interval up to seven days. C3 was the metric launched in 2007. C3 refers to the ratings for average commercial minutes in live programming plus three days of digital video recorder playback.(From Nielsen’s Website)Nielsen today released “C3″ ratings data for television viewing in the first week of the 2009-2010 TV season. C3 is a measure of the commercials watched both live and three days DVR playback and is the metric under which much of primetime advertising is bought and sold. |
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| Regional Agglomeration (Cluster, Center, Scene) |
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Definition
Spacial Organization of Supply Chains- The “Organic” and regulated environment
- The regional agglomeration (cheap housing and inverted lofts that bring a bunch of creative people together)
- Cluster
- resources become available
- Connectivity of resources
- These resources are put together for production
- Austin- a lot of resources- really good at creating creative clusters
- South X South West- connect with bands and record labels and industry
- Music, and the film, and interactive and all come together
- Lowering transaction costs and making connections- SxSW and Austin is good for this
- Center
- Vancouver is a film center in film production
- Film specifically- spend a lot of money at bars and restaurants
- Intense competition for cities to be places for film production
- Tax credits for film production- some places offer refunds of up to 15% for film production (Vancouver, New York, Texas) to be more attractive
- Louisiana is paying 30 million of tax credits for the total of 170 million of the film: Benjamin Button
- Transaction costs to shoot in New Orleans is higher but the tax credit makes it okay
- States and countries are playing this game to get films made in their area
- Studio apartment complexes- offer you places to shoot on sound stages and edit your movie
- There is very little you can't do in Vancouver that you can do in Hollywood
- We are going to incentivize that (offer ways to lower transaction cost)
- Music- from movies to music
- Industrial city- makes money by cars and trucks
- Creative city- makes money by films and music
- Manchester- hit hard by the recession- one of the 1st cities to try and reinvent themselves from an industrial city to a creative city
- Scene
- Music and labels that give bands money to record
- Music- "The Scene"- there are lots of functions that are not orchestrated by firms with a coherent project
- Story of venues- you do not have a music scene if you do not have a venue
- Having a venue is incredibly important and if you don’t have this then you do not have a scene
- Resources that have to be connected in productive ways
- Getting music into the record stores
- Social scenes- parties to find a new drummer after your drummers quit
- This is a place to meet them
- Availability of resources is necessary but you also need to look for places that they could connect
- What does a music scene do for your art or fashion scene?
- The play off of each other
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Definition
- Quadrants and beyond- there are variations among audiences (called quadrants) so you have to appeal to them in different ways (each quadrant has different interests)
- Quadrant marketing in the movie industry- new development after collapse of studio system
- Dividing audience between men and women, under 25, over 25
- If you want to get your movie made- you should own at least one of these quadrants
- If you can reach into all four- get really excited
- Hollywood- mass oriented industry- get as many people to the box offices as possible
- EX: Pixar- makes jokes on cartoon movies- really good at cracking jokes for over 25 audiences and for under 25 audience (character falls and crashes- kids laugh)
- Figure out male and female audiences as well
- Romantic Comedy- has shifted to appeal to different audiences
- Chick flicks
- Also RC that cast a wider net- Drew Barrymore films- chick flicks and also wider audiences
- Lines changing with movies in Hollywood
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Term
| Rationalization of Production in Fordist Media Industry |
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Definition
Rationalization of products, distribution, retail in Fordist Media System
- Standardization of product- products should be standardized in order to be more productive
- In order to rationalize and managerialize the process we are going to standardized the product as well as the process itself.
- The work and the product are exactly the same
- Product Distribution retail
- Divided Labor- one person only does a small part of the process
- And that persons work can be controlled down to the smallest detail
- Kind of out fashion- breaking down tasks into the smallest of unit
- Deskilling labor- one tiny task and tell you exactly how to do it- a part of the machine
- Deskilling the skilled- reducing complex tasks to smallest unit
- Taylorization (also Scientific Management) - Taylor was the first management scientist
- Scientific management, also called Taylorism,[1] was a theory ofmanagement thatanalyzed andsynthesizedworkflows. Its main objective was improvingeconomic efficiency, especiallylabor productivity. It was one of the earliest attemptsto apply science to theengineering ofprocesses and to management
- Management began using a large range of “scientific” methods in an attempt to increase efficiency in the production process.
- Operations become much more complex
- Increased efficiency
- Rationalization of processes and streamlining production.
- Example: assembly line keeps moving so you cannot take a break when you want
- Managers control hours you work
- Controlling workers bodies to increase efficiency
- Emotional labor- front service worker
- (rationalization, Taylorization, Efficiency= all the same idea)
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Term
Short Product Life-Cycles and Demand Uncertainty in Media Industries
(And Strategic Responses to Them): |
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Definition
- Short product life-cycle.
- Most movies have a shelf life of a few weeks or months in the theatres
- How do you brand a product that has such a short life
- Batman=successful
- Others=not successful
- If branding puts meaning and association on products, how does that work with films that most often come to consumers with no prior meanings and associations attached (except for things like Batman)?
- For short product life cycle products, the timing of market entry is among the most important factors for success. Short life cycle product markets are characterized by frequent entries and rapid market exit; they are associated with unique marketing strategies and tactics. In such dynamic market environments, products may not necessarily gain advantages from early positions, and may be disadvantaged by limited defensive opportunities against later entrants, because reaction time is extremely limited when the life cycle of the product is weeks or a few months.
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Term
| Termination of Copyright Transfer |
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Definition
Although a copyright owner is free to transfer her copyright rights as she sees fit, the Copyright Act contains a non-revocable right for a copyright owner to terminate any copyright transfer. The purpose for this is to give the creator of the work or the creator's heirs a second chance to exploit the work in situations where the value of the work may have been significantly enhanced since the original transfer. Generally, there is a five year window of time to accomplish the termination beginning either at
- 35 years from the assignment if the transfer was made on or after January 1, 1978; or
- 56 years from the date copyright was originally secured if the transfer was made before January 1, 1978.
The ability to terminate a transfer cannot be negotiated away. Thus, the author of a valuable book has the right to reclaim the copyright in the book by terminating the transfer, even if the agreement signed by the author stated that the assignment of her copyright rights was permanent and irrevocable. Exceptions to this ability to terminate a transfer are made for those parties who created derivative works prior to the termination. In addition, works made for hire are not subject to this termination of transfer right. |
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Term
| Transcation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Supply Chains |
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Definition
- Spatial org of supply chains I—Firm strategy
- Company- you do not have to pursue a market action
- Keep transaction costs down by keeping it in house
- Hollywood used to do all of a movie and now they are subcontracting
- We know the transaction costs go up, efficiency goes down, flexibility goes up
- All has to do with production
- Firms are an example of this
- Proximity around different functions can keep transaction costs down
- Matters a lot in reducing transaction cost
- Catalyzing- related people are close to one another
- We are now in a new vertically disintegrated world
- Where’s Hollywood?
- We know that the Hollywood studios disintegrate- not in house anymore
- Don’t own production- they subcontract it
- There is a New Hollywood- relation between space and transaction cost and how different parts of the production process get made
- Pre-production
- Stays in Hollywood
- Deal making AND development
- It takes a lot of time to iron out deals in Hollywood
- Transaction intensive
- If you want to make the deals you want to be meeting face to face with the people you are dealing with ("Let's do lunch.")
- Face to face communication is going to lower the transaction cost
- Resolve questions much more easily
- These deals tend to say in one place where you have a cluster of deal makers who tend to meet face to face
- Entourage Episode- race across town to make it to a lunch meeting to solidify a deal- an example of face to face contact
- Why does Hollywood stay in Hollywood- certain functions are much less mobile than others
- Studios get out of the business of production (some parts are more mobile, some are less mobile)
- Production
- Production itself is routinizable
- Transaction costs are not going up that much to shoot in Vancouver rather than Las Angeles
- Production is a function that can slip away from Hollywood
- Post Production
- Special effects, trailer houses= specialized functions
- Hard to find but this side of the industry is still very mobile (Boston, Seattle, San Francisco) to help with computer effects
- Transaction costs are little bit higher
- New side of the business that the studio would not have expertise at
- Graphic designers are here in this segment
- Comic books
- First part of the 20th century comics were built in house along the same line as Hollywood
- But more recently comics become much more commonly dispersed- artist does not have to be in the same place as the writer
- With the help of technology- the transaction cost is lowered
- And can now successfully produce comic books
- How do you get deals off of the ground and initiate new products with people working in different areas?
- Talk on the phone and internet and it takes longer for ideas to come together
- High transaction cost
- Slow and inefficient
- Conventions play a big part of the communication aspect
- Academic conferences work the same way
- Broad environment where these resources are circulating
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Term
| Unionization in Entertainment Industries |
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Definition
- Who is going to act in my movie and how I am going to get them? Functions are no longer within the studios- makes it much more involved
- Two ways to get transaction costs down in Hollywood
- The use of union or guild maintain roster system- roster systems are associated with maintaining seniority
- If you are look for skilled workers- the guild is going to lower your transaction costs by providing workers for you
- Aren't so exclusive
- Monopolize opportunities
- Its hard to break into a system that is occupied by a union or a guild
- Through different kinds of social networks- workers are in a cluster
- I worked with him before, I like his work, I will sign him onto my next movie
- Social networking- you have worked with some previously- would not try and find someone new- lower transaction costs
- Through these informal social networks you are choosing who to work with
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Term
| United Church of Christ v FCC (Federal Communication Commission) |
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Definition
UCC: activist, committed to social justice
-they sue the SCC in the right for license renewal hearings, this station’s signal is messing with my nation’s signal
-Jackson, MS station called WLBT: in the height, pretty conspicuously racist, they would editorialize against the civil rights movement
-we don’t want stations in the deep south in 60s speaking out against the civil rights movement
-racist in a way that clearly doesn’t serve the needs of its constituents
-people are challenging the station’s policies
-going to the FCC trying to get the station’s license revoked
-the FCC says no, you do not have legal standing to participate in these standings
-do you have a legal claim to participate in this case?
-the court doesn’t care
-along those lines, viewers and citizens don’t have standing to participate in license renewal
-UCC sues the FCC and wins the right for citizen groups
-opens the rights for individual citizens to have a say in license renewal
-in many cases, rather than fighting a court battle, stations would choose to fight a negotiate
-I will commit to changing if there are 3 women on the board
-so hard for women and minorities to break into media industries
-more general change in the climate of business
-succeeds and balances on these scales
-makes it harder for citizen groups to direct policy |
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