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| Grice- Cooperative principal |
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Definition
interlocutors assume that what their conversationa; partner says is intended to make sense
-guides how people talk and interpret and specifies that participants should make their conversation contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which youre engaged ` |
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| specify what it means to be cooperative-relates to master and interactional ids |
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| say what the believe to be true |
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| make their comments relevent |
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| be orderly and avoid ambiguous obscure phrases |
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| =conversational implicature= sarcasim |
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Assumes people talk in certain ways b/c they want to accomplish desired identities or avoiud disvalued ones
-focuses on interactional and personal identities
-problem centered- Discursive practices shape identity
-fails to recognize that choice is given meaning w/in a cultural frame |
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| RHETORICAL Aprroach male vs. female- |
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| different world views shape how men and women use/make sense of particular linguistic strategies (when world views don't overlap, misunderstandings occur)/ men and women are from different cultural backgrounds. |
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Communicators are acting w/in a larger system of meaning, social structures that not of their own making
-master, relational, interactional ids
-identity shapes discursive practices
-doenplays diversity that will exist in within all cultural groups |
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-postulated that the language a person has at his or her disposal affects his or her thinking EX:Language reform- changing the words we routinely use can make a difference to thought and action
-Linguistic relativity-the language available to you has shaped the way you see the world |
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| utterances that attempt to get another person to do something |
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| representatives {Speech acts} |
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| utterances that report a state of affairs in the world EX:"Its raining outside" |
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| Commissives {Speech acts} |
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| -Commit a speaker to future course of action with regard to another-utterances that threaten, make a promise, or convey offer to do something |
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| expressives {Speech acts} |
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| -talk whose primary function is to display or reveal a speakers feelings EX:if a person apologizes, explodes, or starts shouting at another |
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| declaratives {Speech acts} |
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| -transform people and situations from one type to another Ex:"I know pronounce you man and wife" |
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| 4 principles that link speech acts to identity? |
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Definition
1-Preexisting identities shape speech act performances(Master identities)
2-Doing speech acts builds relational and personal identities-personal relationships built overtime
3-Speech acts are distinctive to speech communities EX:Chyacking,sounding,communicating
4-Form and function need to be distinguished- apology=attempt to split off the current good self to the bad self |
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| -can threaten an absent party and or the speaker who may be regarded as"gossiper" |
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| symbols preseded vy a period indicate in-breaths |
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| Double parentheses (()){Level 1} |
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describe broader features of talk=sobbing,laughing,distinctive voice quality
-colons used to mark length in word |
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-any simultaneous speech-if 1 or more is peaking at same time
-uses brackets |
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| -a persons normal style of speaking= loudness level,speaking rate,fluency style |
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| Communication Accommodation Theory{CAT} |
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| -we match our dialect to our conversational partners in order to build solidarity/competence face |
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1-usually only one person speakes at a time and 2-speaker changes recur(Sacks)
Transition relevance places-conversational places where speakers turn can occur, cued by use of grammatical forms,drawing out of syllables,rising/falling intonation, engaging someones gaze |
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| segments where everal people murmur congratulations,say goodbye,or laugh at same time |
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| in courtroom where the right to talk is extremely restricted |
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| The remedial exchange sequence |
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Definition
1.Begins w/remedy-act that attempts to solve the trouble(apology,request,account)
2.followed by relief-(Sure,Okay)
3.followed by expression of appreciation by person who caused the offense(Thanks)
4.Concludes with a comment that is a minimization of the offense(Yeah, no big deal) |
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| Cultural approach to interactional structure |
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-takes into account cultural variability shared background knowledge,EXhow to greet
-Greeting in U.S.A.(How are you doing?)
-Greeting china(Where are you going?)
-calling can be an intrusion |
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Gaining a listeners assent for the legitimacy of each reason before identifying what the reason is being used to support
-effective when the point a speaker wants to make is one the listener may be expected to resist
-Less direct:reasons/evidence followed by claim |
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| -More direct-claim followed by reasons/evidence |
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| -act in which one person attempts to get another to do something |
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| Direct Statement directive |
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-imperative,obligation,performance
EX:"REpay the loan"You have to repay loan"
"Imust ask you to repay the loan" |
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Permission-"May i ask you to repay the loan?"
ability-"Can you repay the loan?"
willingness"would youmind repaying loan"
Suggestions"How about repaying loan? |
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| Question- can be strong or mild |
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-seeking information indirectly
-used to avoid undesirable personal identities
-works by virtue of community of something that the speaker has seen or heard that implicates the other. |
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-Involves speaking plainly and without adornment or softening
-speaking straight about s/t to someone |
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Oral stories need to be introduced into convorsation
-stories jointness- the teller-recipient kind that involves one party telling, and the other acknowledging and supporting that telling |
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| When is it a Narrative- Labov |
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Definition
-it tells of a past event which the teller experienced
-the event is newsworthy(interesting)
-The event is evaluated in the telling |
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| Labov's narrative sequence model=5 things |
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Definition
1.Abstract:What was it about?
2.orientation:who,when,what,where?
3.Complicating action:(and)then what happens?
4.Evaluation:So what?why do we care?
5.Result/resolution:What finally happened? |
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Functions of a narrative-
1.Persuasion/Argument Making- |
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| persuade others to think a certain way or take particular action |
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Functions of a narrative-
2.Performing speech acts |
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| Telling story as a way of performing sensitive speech acts, like advising,criticizing or repremanding one another |
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Functions of a narrative-
3.Self-Presentation |
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| telling the story of an event in a way that highlights particular types of personal or master IDs |
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Functions of a narrative-
4.Relational work: |
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| Altercasting the recipient of the story as a worthy and/or confidant-conarration=closemess |
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Functions of a narrative-
5.Self-positioning in ongoing conflict- |
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| telling stories of conflicts/debates/disagreements to inform the recipient whose side we're on |
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Functions of a narrative-
6. Expressing morally questionable or devalued viewpoints |
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| -telling stories to convey views that would cast doubt on the tellers morality or sanity |
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Colombian narrative stories about what others did for them/what they did for others
- they don't give themselves credit but give the credit to others. |
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| -acknowledging and supporting the person doing the story telling-direct jointness-2 people telling the story |
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-reveal what a speaker believes to be typical,usual,or routine=shorter&simpler
-taken for granted(Nurse,soldier)
-question form assumes the other knows the answer |
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-reveal what a speaker regards as atypical,unusual,or uncertain
-dependent on conversational context
out of the ordinary(Male nurse,female soldier)
-Leaving unmarked what is usually marked may cause misunderstanding
-adding words that cue that others may not know |
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-speakers baseline level of animation and engagement
-distinctive to individuals shaped by speech communities(cultural) |
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| -involvement is a situated momentary stance taken toward the other and the situation |
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-a communicative display whose purpose is to indicate an orientation toward conversational participants(self and others)
-the discursive practice of performing emotional,moral,intellectual attitudes toward-1.communicative action,2.topics, 3.the self,4.the other |
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-greek philosophy, knowing when to say or do something in the moment
-very situational having a feel for s/t
-practical wisdom, prudence=knowledge
-Aristotle |
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| -institutions do identity work -p.r. for companies |
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