Term
| Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication |
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Definition
-Nonverbal: 65% of social meaning of messages. 93% of emotional meaning of message.
-If verbal and nonverbal messages conflict: People believe the nonverbal |
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Term
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Definition
-Study of set measurable distances b/t people as they interact. [1966: Edward T. Hall]
-Intimate Distance (0-1.5 ft): touching or whispering
-Personal Distance (1.5-4 ft): b/t fam and friends
-Social Distance (4-12 ft): b/t acquaintances
-Public Distance (12-25 ft): Public Speaking |
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Term
| 3 different types of space |
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Definition
-Fixed-feature space: space defined by immobile objects (ex. walls)
-Semi-fixed-feature space: Space defined by mobile objects (ex. furniture, curtains)
-Informal Space: Indiv. space around the body |
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Term
| Proxemics in Diff. Cultures |
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Definition
Smaller personal space in these cultures:
-Latin
-Middle Eastern
-Mediterranean
-Eastern European
Larger personal spaces in these cultures:
-Nordic
-N. American
-Asian
-Western European |
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Term
| Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) |
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Definition
-The way people use space and perceptions of how others use space can influence the meaning of messages
-Humans have 2 competing needs: affiliation and personal space |
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Term
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Definition
People have expectations of and make unconscious predictions about the nonverbal behavior that will occur in a given interpersonal situation. Based on:
-Context: Cultural norms (e.g., in Saudi Arabia you can’t trust people who won’t let you smell their breath); social context (e.g., classroom, church).
-Relationship: Includes similarity, familiarity, liking, and relative status (e.g., lower status people stay back).
-Communicator characteristics: Includes age, sex, physical appearance, personality, nationality, etc. |
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Term
| Valence/ Violation Valence (EVT) |
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Definition
-Valence: The emotional value associated with a stimulus (+/-)
-Violation Valence: when nonverbal expectations are violated, people give + or - meaning to the violations |
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Term
| Communicator reward valence |
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Definition
-the sum of all positive and negative attributes that the violator brings to the table, plus the potential that the violator has to reward or punish us in the future (What can you do for/to me?)
-If the violation has multiple meanings, this will influence how the violation is interpreted (like someone=positive, dont like=negative) |
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Term
| Interaction Adaption Theory |
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Definition
| -Systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another’s behavior doesn’t mesh with what’s needed, anticipated, or preferred. (Reshaped through social interaction) -Extends Expectancy Violations Theory |
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Term
Interaction
Position
(RED) |
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Definition
Initial stance toward interaction based on RED:
-Requirements: Outcomes that fulfill our basic needs
-Expectations: What we think will really happen
-Desires: What we want to happen
-When behavior meets this then response will be positive and vice versa |
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Term
Maslow's Hierarchy
of Needs |
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Definition
Self Actualization
Esteem Needs (self esteem, recognition, status)
Social Needs (sense of belonging, love)
Safety Needs (security, protection)
Physiological Needs (Hunger, thirst) |
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Term
Social Penetration
Theory |
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Definition
“Interpersonal closeness proceeds in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange, motivated by current and projected outcomes.”
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Term
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Definition
Layers:
-Public Self: (Tastes, studies, worldview, dating, biographical data, preferences in clothes, foods, and music)
-Semi-private self: (goals and aspirations, religious convictions)
-Private Self: (deeply held fears and fantasies and concept of self)
- Deeper layers are more vulnerable, protected, and central to self image
-relational intimacy is ties to how much another person knows |
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Term
| Depth and Breadth of Self-Disclosure |
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Definition
-Self-Disclosure: Voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc. w. someone (normally reciprocal, especially in early stages of a relationship)
-Depth: "privateness: of discussed topics
-Breadth: # of topics discussed
**Both important to relationship development**
-peripheral info is disclosed more frequently/sooner than private info
-Penetration is rapid at first but slows as inner layers a reached
-Depenetration: slow process of layer-by-layer withdrawal (surface talk goes on after deeper talk ends |
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Term
| Investment Model of Commitment |
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Definition
-Satisfaction LeveL: relationship quality, good interactions, "makes me happy"
-Quality of alternatives: if you left this relationship, what would replace it?
-Investment Size: What you have put into the relationship this will be lost if you leave it
*Determine commitment level and then the decision to remain* |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which people attempt to reach conclusions about why someone acted the way he or she did |
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Term
| Heider's "Common Sense Psychology" (2 propositions) |
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Definition
-Interpersonal relationships primarily depend upon how people explain the actions of others
-Most explanations for behavior fall into two major categories:
--Internal/personal/dispositional
--external/situation/environmental |
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Term
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Definition
| For something to cause a behavior, it must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior doesn't occur |
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Term
| 3 Kinds of covariation info |
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Definition
-Consensus: Do others behave similarly in this situation?
-Consistency: Does the person usually behave this way in this situation?
-Distinctiveness: Does the person behave differently in different situations? |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
-People have a bias to attribute another person's behavior to internal causes to a much greater extent than they should
- People fail to take into account the external factors that are operating on the person
-limited processing capacity
-behavior is more salient than situational factors
-people assign situational causes insufficient weight
-people are mentally lazy
-lang. is richer in trait-like terms to "explain" behavior than in situational terms |
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Term
| Drive to reduce uncertainty |
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Definition
Process of acquiring info that allows you to eliminate ambiguity about another person
-uncertainty in a relationship is unpleasant, so people are motivated to reduce it
-human communication is use to gain knowledge, create understanding, and reduce uncertainty
Motivating conditions:
-Anticipated future interaction: we know we will see them again
-incentive value: they have something we want
-deviance: they act in a weird way |
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Term
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Definition
-describe the relationships between uncertainty and several communication factors
Axiom: self-evident truth that requires no additional proof
-1: More verbal comm. leads= less uncertainty (its not what we say, its how we say it)
-2: More nonverbal affiliative expressiveness= less uncertainty
-3: high levels of uncertainty= increases in info-seeking behavior
-4: high levels of uncertainty= decreased intimacy levels
-5: high levels of uncertainty= high rates of reciprocity
-6: similarities b/t indiv.'s reduce uncertainty
-7: high levels of uncertainty decrease liking
-8: shared comm. networks reduce uncertainty |
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Term
| Uncertainty Theorems (How many?) |
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Definition
-Theorem: proposition that logically and necessarily follows from 2 axioms
-28 theorems from all poss. pairs of axioms
--if a=b and b=c then a=c |
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Term
| Phases of Uncertainty Reduction (3) |
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Definition
-Entry stage: Information about another’s sex, age, economic or social status, and other demographic information is obtained. Interaction guided by rules and norms.
-Personal stage: Communicators share attitudes, beliefs, values, and more personal data. Interaction less constrained by rules and norms.
-Exit phase: Communicators decide on future interaction plans. They may discuss or negotiate ways to allow the relationship to continue. |
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Term
| Ways people seek info about others |
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Definition
-Passive: Observe the person from a distance.
-Active: Ask someone else for information about the person.
-Interactive: Direct requests for information from the person. |
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Term
| Positive Aspects of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) |
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Definition
-Benefits socially challenged individuals with no face to face comm. (F2F)
-can amplify relationship deveopment
-Selective self-presentation: online pos. portrayal without fear of contradiction enables people to creat an overwhelmingly favorable impression
-asynchronous channel: allows more planning and though
-Senders portray a positive impression and receiver's behavior drives them to live up to this image |
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Term
| Negative Aspects of Computer Mediated Comm. |
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Definition
-Lacks nonverbal cues
--Vocalics: Anything that is spoken and heard except word (soft/harsh, loud/quiet, speed, etc.)
--Proxemics: space b/t the 2 indivs. (use of space)
--Kinesics: interpreting body lang. (facial expressions and hand movements)
--Haptics: sense of touch (human (hold hand) or nonhuman (motions, forces, etc.))
-TIme delay: typing takes 4x longer than speaking F2F
- can overestimate similarity w/ others they meet online |
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Term
| Interaction view: Systems approach |
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Definition
-says that indiv.'s are parts of interconnected relationship systems. the behavior of each person affects and is affected by others
-one of the most basic systems is the FAMILY |
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Term
| 1st Axiom of Interpersonal Comm. |
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Definition
Once cannot NOT communicate
-Even if you're not talking, you're still communicating
-Nonverbals are a huge part of comm (facial expressions, way you sit, or silence) |
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Term
| 2nd Axiom of Interpersonal Comm. |
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Definition
Human beings communicate both digitally (verbally) and analogically (nonverbally)
-Not what you said...how you said it
-Digital: saying "I am angry"
-Analogical: harsh tone, loud voice, red face |
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Term
| 3rd Axiom of Interpersonal Comm. |
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Definition
Comm= content+ relationship
-content is "what" is actually said
-relationship is "how" it is said (meta-communication) |
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Term
| 4th Axiom of Interpersonal Comm. |
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Definition
| The nature of a relationship depends on how both parties perceives the comm. sequence |
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Term
| 5th Axiom of Interpersonal Comm. |
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Definition
All comm. is either symmetrical (based on equal power) or complementary (based on unequal power)
-a healty relationship will have both types of power (too much of one=conflict) |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs when an indiv. receives two or more conflicting messages
-successful response to one message= failed response to the other message (vice versa) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Peopl arrange info in meaningful orders along some continuum--this helps understand the persuasive effects of messages
-initial attitude acts as a personal reference that people use to judge new info |
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Term
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Definition
Judging something as more different than it really is (away form the anchor)
-messages within the latitude of rejection are contrasted (possible backlash effect may occur) |
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Term
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Definition
Judging something as more similar than it really is
-messages within the latitude of acceptance are assimilates (amount of persuasion depends on how far message is away from anchor) |
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Term
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Definition
-Attitudes: global evaluation toward some object or issue (mediate link between exposure to a persuasive message and behavioral change)
-Beliefs: pieces of info about something
**attitudes are for choosing, whereas beliefs are for explaining** |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone tells you not to do something...you want to do it more |
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