Term
| Political Effects of the News |
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Definition
1. Cognitive
-Learning about public affairs
-Issue salience
-Candidate evaluation
-Attribution of Responsibility
-Public Opinion
2. Behavioral Effects
-Political and civic participation |
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Term
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Definition
| -Media is an important (and possibly the only) information source of political events and issues |
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Term
| Channel Differences in Political Learning |
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Definition
Newspaper news (people have to concentrate)>Television news (passive)
-Amount of information
-Reception content (less distractive)
-Pay attention to comprehend the news |
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Term
Use Patterns of new communication technologies (Political Learning)
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Definition
-Informational use vs. Relational/personal recreational use
-People that use new technologies for information are likely to lear more from technologies than using technology for personal use |
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Term
| Comprehension of Single Evening News (Robinson &Davis, 1988) |
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Definition
-8-point scale (0-7)
-"0": Recalled the wrong story or information that was not covered
-"1": Unable to recall a story, no reply
-"7" : Recalled the central point of the story plus two additional important details
***On average, viewers fell between "2" & "3"
"2": Recalled something but had no details
-"3": Provided only vague, general responses related to the story |
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Term
Knowledge Gap Hypothesis (Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien)
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Definition
-The media functions as a public information tool that contributes to:
1. The equality of knowledge distributed in society (people at top of social heirarchy know more than lower ranked, which strengthens their hierarchy)
2. Socio-economic Status and knowledge. |
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Term
| The knowledge Gap Hypothesis Verdict |
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Definition
-Pessimistic
a. The media may widen the existing gaps in knowledge between high and low SES groups
-Unintended effects of mass communication campaigns on learning |
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Term
| Why does the knowledge gap increase with media? |
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Definition
-As society receives information, populations with higher socioeconomic status tend to receive at a FASTER RATE than lower status populations.
-THE GAP IN KNOWLEDGE BETWEEN TENDS TO INCREASE AS A POLITICAL ELECTION DRAWS NEAR |
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Term
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Definition
-Low ses= do learn
-Low media is beginning of political election and high is during october time of election
-At beginning of campaign, there is a small gap between these groups
-As people use more info, this end gap is what researchers observe
-Both can imporve knowledge but with more of background creates a greater gap
– high SES learns better and faster
-If you put info in the media, people do have to do some research to understand |
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Term
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Definition
1. Education
-News media Use= Preference and access --people of higher ses is easier to access websites and information easier
-Communication skills/information processing skills
-Pre-existing knowledge: high educated= high ses more likely
-RELEVANT SOCIAL CONTACTS: high ses people have more of these people around than low ses |
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Term
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Definition
| -The link between news stories in the media and the importance placed on particular issues |
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Term
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Definition
-walter lippmann
-Public Opinion
-Media creates pictures in our head
-News media is responsible for shaping public's perception of the world |
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Term
| What did Bernard Cohen state about Agenda Setting? |
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Definition
| "It (press) may not be successful much of the time tin telling people what to think, but it is stunning successful in telling its readers what ti think about" |
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Term
| The Agenda-setting function of mass media -- Initial study |
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Definition
-Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw took undecided voters and:
-DV: What are you most concerned about these days?
a. That is, regardless of what politicians say, what are 2 or 3 main things which you think the gov. should concentrate on? |
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Term
| Agenda-Setting Function (initial study) Gallup poll question? |
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Definition
| -what is the most important problem facing this country today? |
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Term
| IV :Agenda-Setting Function (Initial Study) |
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Definition
| -News content in local media for 3 weeks during the campaign |
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Term
| Finding: Agenda-setting (initial study) |
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Definition
-Rank order of top five issues of residents and press were nearly identical
-Thus: importance of issues transfers from media to public
-Concluded: Successful in telling audiences what to think about |
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Term
| What Causes what in agenda -setting hypothesis? |
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Definition
| -Must show that public priorities lag behind the media agenda |
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Term
Agenda-setting function (phase 2)
What is the purpose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Agenda-Setting Function (Phase 3) |
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Definition
-Contingent (conditional) factors
a. Obtrusiveness: whether people have direct experiences with a given issue
b. Unobtrusiveness: greater agenda setting effects; rely on the media to know what is going on |
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Term
| Contingent (conditional) factors of Agenda-Setting formation |
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Definition
1. Obtrusiveness: Whether people have direct experiences with a given issue
2. Unobtrusiveness: Rely on the media to know what is going on
^ this causes greater agenda setting effects |
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Term
Agenda-Setting Functions (Phase 3)
What do some voters expose themselves to certain media messages more than others? |
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Definition
1. Need for orientation (to the enviornment): urge to know about issue
-High relevance + high uncertainty= high need for cognition
-High relevance + low uncertainty= moderate need for cognition
-Low relevance + high/low uncertainty= low need for cognition |
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Term
| Main finding: Agenda setting function (phase 3) |
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Definition
| -High need for cognition leads to greater media use -- greater agenda setting effects |
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Term
| Agenda-Setting Function (phase 4) |
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Definition
-News agenda becomes DV
-Gatekeepers control over the flow of news
^ Must decide what to cover
-The issues themselves, their ideologies themselves are bias are IV |
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Term
Agenda-Setting Function (Phase 4)
Dependent and Independent
Variables |
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Definition
dv: News agenda
IV: Individual characteristics of journalists, organizational routines and conventions, governmental influences, economic factors (ownership, advertiser pressure, etc.) |
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Term
| Triadic Model of Agenda Setting Effects |
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Definition
1. Media agenda: what the media tell the public the agenda is
2. Public agenda: what the public considers the agenda to be
3. Policy agenda: what policy makers consider the agenda to be |
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Term
| Political Priming Effects |
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Definition
1. An extension of the agenda setting theory: media sets agenda for public, therefore media is important agent
2. Priming: Occurs when exposure to a mediated message activates related thoughts in the mind of the audience member |
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Term
| Iyengar and Kinder: Political Priming Effects |
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Definition
-Issues that receive prominent media coverage prime audiences in their evaluation of presidential performance
-Peoples support relies on news coverage
-Salience of issues which are related it the salient issues
-Activation of thoughts, feelings what are related to the salient issues
-These are what people use to evaluate public officials |
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Term
| Framing effects (agenda-setting) |
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Definition
| -More than just setting the agenda that people think/talk about; could affect how to think about issues |
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Term
| Media Frames (agenda-setting) |
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Definition
| -Central organizing idea for news content that supplies a context and suggest what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration. |
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Term
| Audience Frames (agenda-setting effects) |
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Definition
| -Media frames affect audience interpretations, perceptions and evaluation of the issue. |
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Term
| Shanto Lyengar's Idea of Episodic vs. Thematic Frames |
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Definition
| -Two levels that the media could utilize to formulate a news story about social problems, such asa poverty ad crime (individual vs. societal) |
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Term
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Definition
-Personalized and concrete
-Individual cases or events |
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Term
|
Definition
-Generalized and abstract
-Context, historical trends, policies, and statistics |
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Term
| Frames and who is responsible? |
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Definition
Causal and treatment responsibilities
-Causal: creation of problem
-Treatment: Resolution |
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Term
| Attribution of Responsibility for Episodic Frames? |
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Definition
| -People who watch more episodic frames, blame individual responsibility |
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Term
| Attribution of Responsibility in Thematic Frames? |
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Definition
| - People who watch thematic frames blame gov. systems-level responsibility |
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Term
| What % is episodic news stories in lyengar's research? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Oversimplified opinions
-beliefs hold that all members of a group share the SAME set of characteristics, attutudes, and life conditions |
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Term
| Possible effects of stereotypical portrayals? |
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Definition
-Shaping perceptions
-Deny diversity: Positive stereotypes
-Justifying inequitable conditions in society
-Cultivating ethnic blame discourse |
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Term
| Content Analysis of Minorities |
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Definition
| -How minorities are represented and portrayed: whether over represented or under represented in terms of NUMBERS |
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Term
| Effects studies on Minorities |
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Definition
-Effects on perception, attitudes, and behavioral reactions: whether media creates stereotypes and if they have an impact on our perception
-Creating and reinforcing racial stereotypes? |
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Term
| Counting heads --Studies on media depiction of Minorities |
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Definition
| -Underrepresentation/overrepresentation |
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Term
| Studying Media Depiction in Minorities: Role Comparisons |
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Definition
-Significance of roles
-Violence
-Occupations |
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Term
Studies on media depiction of minorities: Interracial interactions
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Definition
| -Interracial relationships |
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Term
| Prime time TV: Interracial interactions |
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Definition
- Differential depictions
a. Black vs. white families (Greenberg &Neuendorf)
1. Single parent african american vs. two parent which family
2. Family interpersonal conflict |
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Term
| Counting heads on Prime time TV |
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Definition
-Recent years: African Americans= more representation for males
-1/3 of all appearances in sitcoms
-Latinos, asians, and native americans= underrepresented |
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Term
| Prime time TV: Role comparisons |
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Definition
-African Americans: Until 80's = minor/low status roles
a. Recently in crime dramas (law enforcement officers)
-Other groups
a. Latinos: sitcoms and crime dramas; domestic work
b. Asians: mostly nonrecurring, but high status professional roles |
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Term
| Sitcoms are _____ diverse in content analysis "Fall Colors" |
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Definition
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Term
| % of mixed open cast in dramas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Minorities in Advertisement? |
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Definition
-Narrowly defined roles
-Portrayed in crowds or background |
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Term
| How have African American's progressed from the 1960's in Advertisement? |
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Definition
-5%-32% appearance in ads
-11% of ad characters overall |
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Term
| What type of ads do African Americans appear in? |
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Definition
| Food/beverages and financial services |
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Term
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Definition
-Scares in television advertisement
1% overall ad characters |
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Term
| What types of ads do Latinos appear in? |
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Definition
| Entertainment and Alcohol |
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Term
| Asians in Magazines and TV advertisement |
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Definition
-2.4% in magazine advertisement
-8.4% in TV
2% of characters overall |
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Term
| What type of ads do asians normally appear in? |
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Definition
| ads for wealth and technology ads |
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Term
| Native Americans role in Advertisement? |
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Definition
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Term
Television News Portrays of Minorities
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Definition
-More negative than in fictional programming (especially african americans and Latinos)
- |
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Term
| News Television- African American's more likely to be depicted as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Findings on the effects of Minority Portrayals |
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Definition
-White children watching television comedies or Sasame Street with regular African American or Latino cast members tend to be MORE ACCEPTING, AND LESS PREJUDICED.
-African American characters are IMPORTANT role models for YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICANS. |
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Term
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Definition
- Negative dipictions of minority characters on TV= ACTIVATE NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES regarding minority groups
-LESS favorable evaluations of minority characters
-Generalization of the characteristics to an ENTIRE GROUP |
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Term
| Conditional Factors of Racial Priming |
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Definition
1. GREATER impact among those with higher levels of racial prejudice
2. LESS impact among those with greater interracial contact |
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Term
| Dixon's Findings on Effects of Minority Portrayals |
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Definition
-African Americans are often assoiciated with criminality and poverty on news programs.
-More Exposure to television network news
-Negative estimations of African American household income
-Endorsement of African American stereotypes ("blacks are intimidating")
-Racial prejudice |
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Term
| Four Stages of Advancement of Minority Portrayals on Television |
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Definition
1. Non-recognition
2. Ridicule
3. Regulation
4. Respect |
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Term
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Definition
| Exclusion- - Neither seen or heard in mainstream culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Stereotyped- Images of the group appear, but it has the nature of stereotypical representation |
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Term
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Definition
| Appear as character with positive attributes/ protectors of existing order (cop,detectives)-- Positive occupation with limit |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of Roles-Members of the social group are represented via a range of images positive and negative that are more reflective of the reality of the actual demographic and are indicative of broader social viewpoint. |
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Term
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Definition
| -An idea, practice, or object perceived as NEW |
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Term
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Definition
-The process by which an innovation in COMMUNICATED and spreads
-Through certain channels
-over time
-among the members of a social system |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which an individual begins to attempt and use an innovation |
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Term
| Diffusion and adoption model process |
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Definition
1. knowledge
2. Persuasion
3. Decision
4. Implementation
5. Confirmation |
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Term
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Definition
-An individual (r other decision-making unit i.e. parent)
a. are exposed to an innovation's existence
b. gains some understanding of how it functions |
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Term
|
Definition
-an individual (or other decision-making unit)
a. form a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the innovation |
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Term
|
Definition
-An individual (or other decision-making unit)
a. engages in activities that lead to a choice to adopt or reject the innovation |
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Term
|
Definition
An individual (or other decision-making unit)
a. puts an innovation into using it. (trial) |
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Term
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Definition
-an individual (or other decision-making unit)
a. seek REINFORCEMENT of an innovation-decision already made
b. or reverses a previous decision to adopt or reject the innovation
^if exposed to conflicted about the innovation |
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Term
| what is the adoption model based around? |
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Definition
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Term
| Innovation Adoption and what type of graph? |
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Definition
S-Curve graph:
-At first ONLY A FEW INDIVIDUALS adopt the new idea,
- then GREAT numbers of individuals accept the innovation
-Finally the rate of adoption SLACKENS |
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Term
| S-curve graph y and x axis? |
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Definition
Y:% of people adapting to innovation
x: time elapsed |
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Term
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Definition
1. Innovators
2. Early adopters
3. Early majorities
4. Late Majorities
5. Laggards |
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Term
|
Definition
-Technological enthusiasts: NEWNESS EXCITES YOU!
-Shorter Adoption period
-Risk Takers:willing to try an unproven product
-High social Class
-financial resources
-Extend outside a local community |
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Term
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Definition
-2nd to adopt
-Opinion leaders--well connected with the local community
-Motivated to PRESERVE THE RESPECT-motivates you to find out more because you know people will go to you for information
-Seek greater knowledge of innovations
-Greater exposure to media channels |
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Term
|
Definition
-PRAGMATISTS
-DELIBERATE before making a decision
-AVOID RISK
-Rely on recommendations from others who have experience with the product
-Legitimize innovation: Prove it is real (make it popular) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Skeptic: even after others embrace the innovation
-Wait until rest of community has adopted first
-may adopt innovation, though UNWILLINGLY
-Peer pressure may be a motivator
-Economic necessity |
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Term
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Definition
-Adopt only when certain the technology will not fail, or forced to change
-Innovation-decision process is lengthy
-Tied to past
-Limited resources
-When adopted, the innovation has become outdated |
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Term
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Definition
| -5-15%: The process takes off and is probably irreversible. Self perpetual |
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Term
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Definition
| -Everybody who had potential to embrace an idea has been met, but not 100% of population. |
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Term
| Adult smokers in America? |
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Definition
-Decreased from 1965
-Men heavier smokers
-High educated=lower % of smokers |
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Term
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Definition
-banned on TV and radio in 1971
-Found in Newspapers, mag. billboards, and event promotions |
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Term
| More advertisement in point of purchase or out? |
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Definition
-In point of purchase 14-27 (stickers and posters in store)
-3.6-7.5 Outside store |
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Term
| Master Settlement Agreement |
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Definition
-Concerning ads targeting YOUTH
a. Restriction on the size of billboard
b. No merchandise with brand-name logos
c. No payment for product placement
d. No targeting youth in various ways |
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Term
| Expending of the Tobacco industry |
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Definition
| -Increased from 1998-2003 then began declining |
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Term
| CDC spending on Prevention of tobacco |
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Definition
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Term
| Tobacco marketing expending |
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Definition
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Term
| Total tobacco income for state? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects of Smoking in the Media Findings |
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Definition
-86% of underage smokers use one of the 3 most advertised brands (marlboro/camel/newport)
-80% of teenage smokers say advertising is important
-Adolescent smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to name actors who smoked either on or off screen as their favorite stars |
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Term
| Effects on Food and Nutrition Habits |
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Definition
1. Children's Nutrition Beliefs
2. Physical inactivity
3. Thin-Body Idea and Eating Disorders |
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Term
| 1. Children's nutrition beliefs |
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Definition
-Greater TV and commercial exposure
-poorer nutritional knowledge
-greater preference for unhealthy foods
-greater request for parents to buy foods advertised
-Less fruit, vegetable , and juice intake |
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Term
| 2. Physical inactivity and obesity |
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Definition
-Both children and adults
-Time displacement: Adult men and women who watch more than 3 hours of television per day are twice as likely to be obese than men and women that watch less than 1 hour per day. |
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Term
| Time displacement and Obesity |
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Definition
| -Men and women who watch more than 3 hours of tv per day are twice as likely to be obese than those men and women who watch less than 1 hour per day. |
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Term
| 3. Thin-body ideal and Eating disrders |
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Definition
-Exposure to thin media images
a. internalization of the thin-ideal
b. Body dissatisfaction
c. Eating Disorder symptoms |
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Term
Percent of U.S. Adults who drink Alcohol?
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Definition
|
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Term
| Binge-drinking in the past month |
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Definition
|
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Term
| percent of adults reporting heavy drinking in the past 30 days |
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Definition
5.1%
w: 1+ drink/day
m: 2+ drinks/day |
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Term
| Where are alcohol ads concentrated? |
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Definition
- Major sports on TV
2.4/hour |
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Term
Effects of Alcohol in the Media:
Awareness of alcohol ads |
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Definition
| -Positive beliefs about drinking and intention to drink |
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Term
| Effects of Alcohol in the Media: Exposure to advertising and promotional merchandise |
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Definition
| -predictive of drinking behavior among adolescence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Business activities that direct the exchange of ideas,goods, and services between producers and consumers |
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Term
| Advertisement in terms of marketing |
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Definition
| -It is an integral, but relatively small part of marketing |
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Term
|
Definition
-a group of elements that are components of marketing
-Four p's |
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Term
| What are the four P's of marketing mix? |
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Definition
1. Product
2. Place
3. Price
4. Promotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Personal sales; sales promotion; public relations; direct marketing; and advertising |
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Term
| Challenges to Advertising Effects? |
|
Definition
- Cluttered environment
-Selective exposure and attention
-Avoidance, distrust, and hate |
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Term
| What is a cluttered environment regarding challenges to advertising effects? |
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Definition
- Other ads, stories, other media
- Competition for attention |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Segmentation meaning you concentrate your marketing efforts on one or few key segments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Placing the message before the target audience |
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Term
| Effects of Advertising Research |
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Definition
-Recognition and recall of brands
-Persuasion: attitude towards a brand or an ad
-Behavioral effects |
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Term
| What are the behavior effects of Advertising? |
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Definition
-Trail
-Repeat of Purchase
-Conversation |
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Term
| Why is an attitude toward an ad important? |
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Definition
-the ad itself has to be just as likeable as the brand
-like the ad, they'll like the product |
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Term
| Why is an attitude toward an ad important? |
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Definition
-the ad itself has to be just as likeable as the brand
-like the ad, they'll like the product |
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Term
| ROI of creative advertisement? |
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Definition
r: Revelance-- make the message important to audience
O: Originality
I: Impact-- Stopping power/ memorability |
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Term
| A different world: Text Reading |
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Definition
| Dealing with Children's perception of what the TV offers. |
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Term
| In A different world: Almost half African american children said.... |
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Definition
| -They felt their race was more accurately represented by entertainment media rather than news media. |
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Term
| In A Different World: who thinks it is important to see characters of their own race on television? |
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Definition
| African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics |
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Term
| In a Different world: Asians and Latinos say... |
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Definition
| - They do not see their race represented much |
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Term
| In a Different world: Minority children chose who as their favorite stars? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In a Different world: who was the exception for popular stars? |
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Definition
-Will Smith
-Michael Jordan |
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Term
| In a different world: What were the associations between whites and blacks? |
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Definition
-Whites had positive characteristics
-Blacks had negative characteristics |
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Term
| In A Different World: Criminals, Maids, and Janitors.... |
|
Definition
| -were sought as roles played by African Americans |
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Term
| In a Different World: Children thought secretaries, bosses, police officers, and doctors would be |
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Definition
|
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Term
| -What did an asian girl quote in A different World Study? |
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Definition
| "You see African Americans getting along with other african Americans and Caucasians getting along with other caucasians but rarely see African American and Caucasians together happy and as friends." |
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Term
| Result of A different World |
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Definition
| -Kids watch TV, what they see becomes their reality. This age group is very vulnerable to what they are watching. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Producers of Sesame Street introduced a series on Israeli and Palestinian characters living in peace and helping each other. |
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Term
| In Combating Prejudice: What happened on an episode of this show? |
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Definition
| - A jewish child rode a bike into an Arab neighborhood and after having a flat tire, Arab characters provided a new wheel. |
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Term
| In combating Prejudice: children had what kinds of tolerance? |
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Definition
| -Increased tolerance toward the other children. |
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Term
| In Combating Prejudice: after 4 months what happened? |
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Definition
| - Kids were mroe likely to say positive things about one another |
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Term
| In combating prejudice: What did the parents think? |
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Definition
| - Palestinian's did not like it especially. They felt that their homes and land have been taken by the israelis and now the palestinians are giving them a wheel. |
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Term
| Differential Stages in the Advancement of Minority Portrayals in the Media |
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Definition
1. Non-recognition
2. Ridicule
3. Regulation
4. Respect |
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|
Term
| Adopter categories in Diffusion |
|
Definition
1. Innovators
2. Early Adaptors
3. Early Majority
4. Late Majority
5. Laggars |
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|
Term
| Effects of Episodic Frames |
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Definition
| -People who watch more episodic frames tend to blame an individual rather than governmental officials for larger contextual problems |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Thematic Framing |
|
Definition
| -Blaming of Governmental/system level responsibility because these frames focus on history, trends, and statistics rather than an individual's problems |
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