Term
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Definition
| folkway- social rules to which people generally conform but receive little pressure to do so. Mores- more strongly held norms, breaking them brings about strong reactions from others. Many mores are written in the law. Taboos- strongest norms (e.g. incest, sex with dead people, etc.). Most norms are folkways. |
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Term
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Definition
• Source: initial idea to be communicated.
• Encoder takes thoughts and ideas of source and puts it in a form someone else can understand. Speaking, writing. Decoding is opposite- when you read or listen. Source and encoder are typically same person.
• Message: break down into code, content, and . Message is put into code- a meaningfully structured group of symbols. E.g. language, color, hand signals, sounds, facial expressions, etc. Content- beginning to the end of the message. What is being communicated Treatment- how you communicate something. You can convey the content in a variety of different ways. How you say something can contradict what you say. (between content and treatment), this is a double bind.
• Channel: the way the message is sent.
• Decoder
• Receiver
o Fidelity: when a message goes through with no problems, it is a high fidelity message-without distortion. The enemy of fidelity is noise-anything that interferes with fidelity. Can occur anywhere in the communication process. Can be internal or external noise. Internal- you skipped lunch and you’re thinking more about what you’ll eat for dinner than what the people talking to you are saying. External- anything in the physical/social world that’s interfering with the message. If it’s too hot we are more worried about that than class.
o Feedback: when the message goes from the receiver back to the source, possibly telling them how their message is doing. This changes the roles bc the receiver becomes the source, and vice versa. Circular models has feedback |
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Term
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Definition
• Communication can be divided into four systems: intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, and mass.
• Intra: most basic. We can think about and communicate with ourselves.
• Inter: between two people, also called dyadic. People feel free to disclose information to others in this system.
• Small group: with a third person added. Hard to designate the number limit of a small group, but it is a group you see yourself as a part of it, everyone has the capability to be a source, you will know everyone else in the group. If there is a meeting of the group, you will be able to tell if someone that isn’t a member is there. Or you can tell if a regular member is not there.
Mass communication: non-mediated: public communication. One source speaking to many people in person. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Mediation: something that comes in between two or more things. When a physical, inanimate thing comes between source and receiver. Typically removing them from immediate face to face interaction. Non-mediated communication=two people talking face to face. Mediated: on the phone, or something else. Biofeedback. |
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Term
| Perception and factors within |
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Definition
| Perception: starts with the operation of our five senses. We can break it down into two aspects: reception and analysis. • Factors w/i object: we focus on things that are 1. obvious or easy to focus on. That which is closest to us. Sticks out. 2. Intensity. If someone shouts, turn on a siren, bright colors, etc. 3. Contrast- stands out because it is different. Putting products in different containers so that it would stick out. 4. Repetition. Hearing the same thing over and over. Slogans. |
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Term
| other factors that affect perception |
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Definition
| past learning experiences, culture, language, motive, stereotypes, roles, mood, attitude, psychological tendencies |
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Term
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Definition
| selective exposure: the tendency to expose yourself to tendencies you already believe. If you are an atheist you aren’t likely to attend a Christian meeting. Experiment showed that people were judging on persuasive power in regards to status. They could tweak it to be more clear. When smokers heard a speech connecting smoking to cancer, they didn’t make it sound clearer bc they didn’t want to hear it. But when the speech was opposite, they tweaked it to be clearer. We’re more likely to pay attention to things we agree with. Selective attention: you agree with economy, but not war. You pay attention when he talks about economy, but tune out when he talks about war. Selective retention: if you listen to something but only agree with certain parts, you’re more likely to recall the parts you agree with. |
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Term
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Definition
• Self identity: this refers to social positions that you occupy. Who you are in relationships to other people. Status in life. (son, student, friend, African American, new Yorker)
• Self image: one’s sense of ones qualities, attributes, skills, characteristics. She sees herself as being kind, intelligent, etc.
• Self esteem: how you feel about yourself emotionally, how you rank yourself. How you think you stack up against others. One of the biggest fears is public speaking- everyone judging them, wondering if they measure up. |
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Term
| looking glass self theory |
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Definition
(Cooley) we derive our sense of self through our interaction with other people. Roll taking- see themselves as an object that is viewed by other people. Seeing yourself as others see you. Three parts:
• We imagine how our actions appear to other people. If you were playing basketball, you might wonder how you’re looking to other people.
• We imagine how other people are judging these actions. The people may think you are a great basketball player.
• We make a self judgment based upon the presumed judgment of others. I am a good basketball player!
• People are your mirror. Cooley pointed out how each person acquires a sense of self through being socialized. How your parents treat you is important early on. Relative sense of self if built early on and stays relatively stable, but is malleable.
• However, our perceptions are not always correct. Sometimes we are wrong about what people think about you. *But it is more important what we believe other people are thinking. “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
• Once formed, our sense of self is pretty stable. We can cling to it. It takes a good deal of contradictory evidence to change our sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental need of human beings to be social, communicate with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| inclusion, control, and affection. |
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Term
| fidelity, noise, feedback |
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Definition
| high fidelity- message going through with little problem. noise- anything that interferes with fidelity. feedback-message goes from receiver back to source |
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