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COM 391 Exam #1
Vocabulary from chs. 1-5
109
Communication
Undergraduate 3
09/27/2010

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Term
culture
Definition
a learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity-hood and community-hood among its group members. It is a complex frame of reference that consists of a pattern of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings that are shared to varying degrees by interacting members of an identity group
Term
subjective culture
Definition
an individuals interpretation of the beliefs, values, and norms associated with a culture.
Term
cultural diversity
Definition
the representation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural significance.
Term
communication
Definition
a process whereby people collectively create and transmit meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages ina particular context.
Term
context
Definition
the frame of reference for understanding communication behavior
Term
context
Definition
the frame of reference for understanding communication behavior
Term
intercultural communication
Definition
communication that occurs between individuals and entities that are culturally unalike.
Term
cross-cultural communication
Definition
comparing/contrasting the communication of two different cultures
Term
international communication
Definition
the study of mass-mediated communication between entities (governmental, private industry, or non-profit agencies) from two or more countries.
Term
developmental communication
Definition
the study of social change brought about by the application of communication, theory, and technologies from one culture to another.
Term
globalization
Definition
the increasing interconnectedness of people and places as a result of changes in communication technologies, communication, an migration patterns, which cause political, economic, and cultural convergence.
Term
cultural universalism
Definition
emphasizes a single set of standard that should be used to judge others' behavior.
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
a code of ethics that judges people based on their own cultural standards (that is, different cultures have adopted their own codes of ethics.
Term
moral inclusion/exclusion
Definition
focuses on the degree to which we believe that people are within the boundaries of respect, fairness, and moral values.
Term
social justice
Definition
a philosophical stance that emphasizes fair distribution of wealth, power, and income across cultures.
Term
interpretive approach
Definition
perspective provides detailed descriptions of culture and cultural communication. The goal is to identify a unified culture and the ways of knowing and understanding the culture.
Term
social-scientific perspective
Definition
perspective that attempts to identify patterns of communication and attribute this behavior to cultural values.
Term
critical approach/perspective
Definition
perspective that emphasizes power differences between different cultures and studies the domination of one group by another.
Term
diaspora
Definition
a massive migration of people caused by wars, colonization, slavery, persecution, and famine; this migration results in a cultural group being geographically dispersed.
Term
layered approach
Definition
approach emphasizing that individuals around the world are organized in various interconnected layers.
Term
social ecological framework
Definition
perspective that examines the relationships between humans and their social, historical and cultural environment.
Term
top-down effects
Definition
The effects of cultural and societal layers (such as mass media and cultural values) on organizational, interpersonal, and individual communication behavior.
Term
bottom-up effects
Definition
the effect of lower layers (such as individuals and interpersonal relationships) on higher layers (such as culture)
Term
The individual layer of intercultural communication
Definition
focuses on an individual's interpretations of the beliefs, values, and norms about a culture as wellas the socialization that one receives from family and organizations.
Term
ecological fallacy
Definition
the assumption that what is true of the collective is true of all the individuals of that collective.
Term
self-construal
Definition
one's self image, composed of an independent and and interdependent self.
Term
independent self-construal
Definition
view of self as autonomous, self-reliant, unencumbered, and rational choice-makers; common in individualistic cultures
Term
interdependent self-construal
Definition
view of self as group-bound, obigatory agents, and relational harmony seekers; common in collectivistic cultures.
Term
horizontal self
Definition
preference for equal treatment regardless of people's position, status, rank, or age.
Term
vertical self
Definition
preference for differential treatment with due respect to people's position, titles, and age.
Term
The interpersonal layer of intercultural communication
Definition
focuses on the primary relationships that we have with others.
Term
conversation orientation
Definition
the degree to which families value and create a climate of open flow of communication and exchanges of ideas about attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Term
conformity orientation
Definition
the degree to which families create a climate that stresses homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs.
Term
The organizational layer of intercultural communication
Definition
focuses on culture in the places in which we work and go to school. _________ provide us with an opportunity to interact with people from other cultures that we normally might not have contact with.
Term
speech code
Definition
a system of socially-constructed symbols and meaning, premises, and rules, pertaining to communication conduct.
Term
individualism
Definition
broad values tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize the individual identity over group identity and individual rights over group obligations.
Term
low-context communication
Definition
the transmission of explicit, precise, and direct messages relying on verbal communication; meaning resides in the message.
Term
collectivism
Definition
broad value tendencies of people in a culture to emphasize the group identity over the individual identity as well as group-oriented concerns over individual wants and desires.
Term
high-context communication
Definition
the transmission of implicit, ambiguous, and indirect messages, often relying on nonverbal communication.
Term
power distance
Definition
the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
Term
uncertainty avoidance
Definition
the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations
Term
masculinity-femininity
Definition
the extent to which a society stresses achievement or nurture.
Term
long-term orientation
Definition
the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular perseverance and thrift.
Term
short-term orientation
Definition
the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of 'face' and fulfilling social obligations.
Term
ideology
Definition
the worldview of a group of people
Term
multifaceted
Definition
An individual's identity is composed of multiple dimensions, and it is this constellation of identities that makes us who we are.
Term
Personal Identities
Definition
Unique qualities of ourselves such as personality and relationships.
Term
Social Identities
Definition
Aspects we share with other individuals who belong to the same perceived group such as age, class, gender, national culture, religion, and ethnicity.
Term
Identity salience
Definition
the degree to which an identity is prominent or stands out to us in a given situation.
Term
Identity Strength
Definition
the degree of importance of a particular identity.
Term
avowal
Definition
the process of telling others what identity(ies) you wish to present or how you see yourself.
Term
ascription
Definition
The process of assigning in another person what you think his or her identity should be.
Term
Unexamined Cultural Identity
Definition
First identity phase in which individuals do not question question their cultural or ethnic identities.
Term
Cultural identity search
Definition
Second identity phase in which individuals become aware of cultural differences and begin a continuous process of looking for information and explanation about their culture and other cultures in order to define their identities.
Term
Cultural identity achievement
Definition
Third identity phase in which individuals feel that have a good grasp of their cultural identities; they have reached a sense of clarity and confidence about their identities.
Term
ingroup
Definition
people who identify as members of our own cultural group.
Term
outgroup
Definition
People whom we identify as outside of our cultural group.
Term
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
Definition
Focuses on how the social categorization of people into groupings affects interactions between people of different social identities (for example, national or ethnic culture). In particular, it emphasizes that people have a desire to enhance their self-image and to differentiate themselves from other groups.
Term
Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory (ELIT)
Definition
focuses on the conditions upon which identity differentiation occurs, particularly around language and identity.
Term
Ethnolinguistic vitality
Definition
The extent to which a language is desirable and viable in a society.
Term
Identity Freezing
Definition
Viewing a person only in terms of cultural identity.
Term
Nonsupport problematic
Definition
Ignoring cultural identities and only focusing on personal characteristics.
Term
Self-other dialectic
Definition
Managing the dialectic between supporting your own cultural identity versus that of the other person.
Term
Reflexive Dialogue
Definition
Communication with others (and with oneself) to uncover and examine biases, hidden assumptions, and privileges.
Term
Agency
Definition
The freedom to choose action and to enact identity.
Term
Subjugated ascriptions
Definition
Identities given to others that put them in a lower or inferior position compared to one's own group.
Term
4 Layers of identity
Definition
1. Personal (individual layer)
2. Relational (interpersonal layer)
3. Organizational (organizational layer)
4. Cultural/Social (community/cultural layer)
Term
Attribution
Definition
The process of collecting information and then making sense of it; the meaning we attach to behavior.
Term
Person-based attributions
Definition
Attributions based on individual characteristics.
Term
Category or Group-based attributions
Definition
Attributions based on group characteristics or social memberships/identities.
Term
Situation-based Attributions
Definition
Attributions based on the physical characteristics (people, place, things) of a given interaction.
Term
Egocentric bias
Definition
Viewing our own behavior as normal and appropriate and the standards by which to judge others' behavior.
Term
Egoprotective bias
Definition
The desire to maintain a positive self-image.
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors when we explain others' negative behavior.
Term
Self-effacement bias
Definition
Tendency to overestimate situational factors and under-emphasize personal factors.
Term
Premature closure
Definition
An error that occurs when we stop looking for explanations for behavior (our own and others') once we have found a plausible or reasonable explanation.
Term
Principle of negativity
Definition
Tendency to overemphasize negative information when making attributions about behavior.
Term
Ultimate attribution error
Definition
Tendency to overemphasize category-based factors and under-emphasize situation-based factors to explain negative behavior from people who are culturally different than us.
Term
Attitudes
Definition
our predisposition toward an object or person.
Term
Intercultural Sensitivity
Definition
Capacity to accept and accommodate cultural difference.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Inherent belief in the superiority of our own culture versus others.
Term
Three specific stages of ETHNOCENTRISM
Definition
1. Denial of difference
2. Defense of difference
3. Minimization of difference
Term
Ethnorelativism
Definition
The belief that all cultures are appropriate and normal and that recognizes an attempt to evaluate and interpret people's behavior from their cultural background.
Term
Three specific stages of ETHNORELATIVISM
Definition
1. Acceptance of difference
2. Adaptation of difference
3. Integration of difference
Term
Prejudice
Definition
Attitude that combines both belief (cognitive) and affect (emotion) toward a group of people.
Term
Stereotypes
Definition
overgeneralized cognitions about a group of people with no attempt to identify within-group variation.
Term
Racism
Definition
An irrationally based negative attitude toward a racial or ethnic group, coupled with actions that discriminate against that group.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Action that maintains the dominance of one group of people over another.
Term
Institutionalized racism
Definition
Differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race.
Term
Intergroup communication
Definition
When our messages and identity tend to focus on the cultural and group identities of the individuals who are interacting.
Term
Interpersonal communication
Definition
When the motivations, messages, and rules focus on the unique aspects of our relationship with others, regardless of cultural background.
Term
Sojourners
Definition
People who go to another country to stay for a certain period of time and then return home; generally between six months and five years.
Term
Migrants
Definition
People who move to a new permanent cultural context that is different from the one in which they were raised. Immigrants and refugees are two types of migrants.
Term
Migrants
Definition
People who move to a new permanent cultural context that is different from the one in which they were raised. Immigrants and refugees are two types of migrants.
Term
Culture Shock
Definition
The psychological and emotional reaction people experience when they encounter a culture that is very different from their own.
Term
Honeymoon stage
Definition
The feeling of fascination and excitement about going to a new culture; first stage of the W-shaped model.
Term
Crisis Stage
Definition
The second stage of the W-shaped model in which the differences between sojourners and the host culture create problems; minor issues become major problems and cultural differences become irritating.
Term
Recovery stage
Definition
The third stage of the W-shaped model in which sojourners begin to see some positive aspects about the host culture and its people again (after a crisis).
Term
Adjustment stage
Definition
The fourth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners have gained a level of competence in the new culture.
Term
Reentry culture shock
Definition
The fifth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners have a negative psychological and emotional reaction upon their return to their home culture.
Term
Re-socialization
Definition
The sixth stage of the W-shaped model; sojourners begin the adjustment back to their home culture.
Term
Cultural Adaptation
Definition
The process faced by individuals who relocate to an unfamiliar sociocultural environment in striving to establish and maintain a relatively stable, reciprocal, and functional relationship with the environment.
Term
Deculturation
Definition
The process of unlearning some of our old cultural values and practices.
Term
Acculturation
Definition
The process of learning some, but not all, of the host culture values and practices.
Term
Intercultural transformation
Definition
The progression of internal change that results in observable behavioral changes representing adaptation to the new culture; outcomes include functional fitness, psychological health, and the development of an intercultural identity.
Term
Stranger
Definition
An individual who is a member of a system but is not strongly attached to that system.
Term
Effective communication
Definition
Communication that maximizes understanding.
Term
Accommodation
Definition
The use of similar speech patterns and nonverbal behaviors to another person.
Term
Nonaccommodation
Definition
Behavior that includes the use of differing verbal and nonverbal patterns.
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