Term
| Western assumptions of conflict |
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Definition
o Separation
o Direct conflcit
Removal of emotions
o No is no and yes is yes
o And implementation |
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Term
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Definition
§ Conflict is usually defined as involving a perceived or real incompatibility of goals, values, expectations, processes, or outcomes between two or more interdependent individuals or groups, base on 4 assumptions
· Conflict is normal, useful process
· All issues are subject to change through negotiation
· Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued
· Conflict is necessary negotiation of an implied contract---a redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, and renewal of relationships
§ Offers an opportunity for strengthening a relationship
§ There are additional benefits through conflict. They can gain new information about other people or groups, diffuse more serious conflict, and increase cohesiveness |
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Term
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Definition
§ Many culture groups view conflict ultimately unproductive for relationships, a perspective that may be rooted in spiritual or cultural values.
§ Shared by many Asian cultures and in the US by some religious groups, such as the Quakers and Amish
§ Based on 4 assumptions
· Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
· The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather members should adapt to established values
· Confrontations are destructive and ineffective
· Disputes should be disciplined
§ Conflict is seen as certain to destroy the fabric of interprersonal and community harmony. When conflict does arise, the strong spiritual value of pacifism dictates a nonresident response, such as avoidance or silence.
§ Cultural groups that see conflict as destructive often avoid low-level conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
§ Occurs when individuals become aware that their feelings and emotions are incompatible. (hurt feeling)
· For example, suppose someone finds that his or her romantic love for a close friend is not reciprocates. The disagreement over their different levels of affection causes conflict |
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Term
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Definition
§ Describes a situation in which people have incompatible preferences for a course of action or plan to pursue
· for example, one student describes on ongoing conflict with an ex-girlfriend: the conflicts always seem to be a jealousy issue or a controlling issue, where even though we are not going out anymore, both of us still try to control the others life to some degree.
· Another example is determining a curfew time for their children |
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Term
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Definition
§ A more serious type, occurs when people differ in ideologies on specific issues.
· For example Mario and Melinda have been dating for several months and are starting to argue frequently about their religious views, particularly as related to abortion. Melinda is pro-choice and has volunteered to do some counseling in an abortion clinic. Mario, a devout Catholic, is opposed to abortion under any circumstances and is very unhappy about Melinda’s volunteer work. |
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Term
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Definition
§ Describes a situation in which two or more people become aware that their thought processes or perceptions are incongruent.
· For example, suppose Marissa and Derek argue frequently about whether Marissa’s friend Jamal is paying to much attention to her; Derek suspects that Jamal wants to get with Marissa. |
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Term
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Definition
§ Occur when people disagree about a preferred outcome or end state.;
· For example, suppose Bob and Ray, who have been in a relationship for 10 years, have just bought a house. Bob wants to furnish the house slowly, making sure that money goes into the savings account for retirement, whereas Ray wants to furnish the house immediately, using money from their savings |
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Term
| conflict style: Dominating style |
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Definition
§ Reflects high concern for the self and low concern for the other person. It has been identified with having a win-lose orientation and with forcing behavior to win ones position.
§ The behavior associated with this style is loud, forceful verbalization, which may be counterproductive to conflict resolution
§ This view may indicate a Eurocentric bias because members of some cultural groups see these behaviors as appropriate in many contexts |
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Term
| conflict style: Integrating |
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Definition
§ Reflects high concern for both the self and the other person and involves an open and direct exchange of information in an attempt to reach a solution acceptable to both parties.
§ Try to understand the root cause, whats the underlying value taking place
§ Find a solution 100% equal between all people
§ This style is seen as effective in most conflicts because it attempts to be fair and equitable. It assumes collaboration, empathy, objectivity, and creativity, and recognition of feelings
§ However it requires a lot of time and energy |
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Term
| conflict style: Compromising |
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Definition
§ Reflects a moderate degree of concern for both the self and the other person.
§ This style involves sharing and exchanging information in such a way that both individuals give up something to find a mutually acceptable solution.
§ Sometimes this style is less effective than the integrating approach because people feel forced to give up something they value and so have less commitment to the solution |
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Term
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Definition
§ Describes a situation in which one person in the conflict plays down the differences and incompatibilities and emphasizes commonalities that satisfy the concerns of the other person
§ May be most appropriate when one individual is more concerned with the relationship itself than with specific issues. This is often true of hierarchical relationships in which one person has more status or power than the other.
§ However, a pattern of obliging can result in pseudosolutions, especially if one person or the other resents the constant accommodation, so the strategy can eventually backfire |
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Term
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Definition
§ Reflects, supposedly, a low concern for both the self and the other person.
§ In the dominant US cultural contexts, a person who uses this style is often viewed negatively, as attempting to withdrawal, sidestep, deny or bypass the conflict
§ However, in some cultural contexts, this is an appropriate strategy that, if used by both parties, may result in more harmonious relationships |
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Term
| Conflict resolution suggestions |
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Definition
o Stay centered and do not polarize
o Maintain contact
o Recognize the existence of different styles
o Identify your preferred style
o Be creative and expand your style repertoire
o Recognize the importance of conflict context
o Be willing to forgive |
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Term
| · Face, facework, and relationship between face and conflict style |
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Definition
o The concept of face is about self-identity respect and other identity-consideration within and beyond the actual encounter. It is tied to the emotional significance we attach to our own social self-worth and social self-worth of others.
o Facework = specific verbal and nonverbal behaviors that we engage in to maintain or restore face loss and to uphold face.
o While facework may be more culturally significant in collectivist cultures, the concept of face is evident in individualistic cultures as well
o Conflict styles
§ The way you deal with conflict to where your face doesn’t get threatened or ruined
o Self face you will use dominating conflict
Other self face you will avoid conflict, you will oblige the other person in conflict |
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Term
Ellis & Maoz: Dialogue and cultural communication codes between Israeli Jews and Palestinians
· Differences between masaraya and dugri speech codes |
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Definition
o Dugri: Israel
§ To the point, direct, saving self-face,
§ Dugri= history of separation from the “homeland”, persecution, 19th century=Jewish immigrants coming back to Israel; understanding the history and context of Israel gives the insight of the culture
o Musayra: Palestinian
§ Repetition to make things important, relationship-building, more indirect, elaboration, expressive, emotional,
§ Musayra: collectiveness=honor, felt embodied |
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Term
| transformative communication |
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Definition
o They use this form of communication to put aside differences to resolve problems
If we want to get anywhere to resolve the conflicts we have to take into account the power playing field, has to be an engaged commitment, time investor as well as a willingness and motivation to give up some of our own needs to resolve the conflict |
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Term
King: Cultural differences in the perceptions of sports mascots
· Rhetorical situations (role of power) |
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Definition
o More situations are developing that require one piece of persuasions to be designed for many cultures; consequently, differences in culture and perceptions need to be addressed
o The reconstructed model allowed for multiexigences that may be real as well as created by the rhetor; multiaudiences that may be capable of altering the situation though not necessarily in the same ways; and multiconstraints that develop from the many perceptions of the audience. These multicomponents explained why a piece of rhetoric succeeds with one of the audiences but does not remove incongruity between the perceptions of the rhetor and those perceptions of another audience |
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Term
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Definition
o Giago had to create an exigence for this group. He attempted this creation by pointing out
§ The discrimination in using Native American as mascots when Whites would never do such a thing with other ethnic or religious groups
§ the religious ridicule associated with attire and actions
§ the meanings of certain names and actions
§ making fun of the religion
§ the history (redskin) |
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Term
· Ethnic differences in relationship emphases (text)
o Mary j collier |
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Definition
§ Found that cultural groups will emphasis different things with friendship. White people take a month to 2 months to make a friendship where every other ethnic groups it takes up to a year to form a friendship
§ Emphasis different purposes for friendship. Blacks emphasis mutual support where as white Americans emphasis satisfying various needs |
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Term
· Benefits and challenges of intercultural relationships (text)
o Benefits |
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Definition
§ The potential rewards and opportunities in these relationships are tremendous. The key to these relationships often involves maintain a balance between differences and similarities
§ The befits of intercultural relationship is
· Acquiring knowledge about the world
· Breaking stereotypes
· Acquiring new skills
§ A romance or a close intercultural friendship may be the vehicle through which we learn something about history
§ Relational learning—learning that comes from a particular relationship but generalizes to other contexts. Gained from books, classes and so on. And once we develop one close intercultural relationship, it becomes much easier to form other
§ Can break stereotypes
§ Often learn how to do new things
§ Can acquire important skills
§ All of these potential benefits can lead to a sense of interconnectedness with others and can established a lifelong pattern of communication across differences |
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Term
| intercultural relationships: challenges |
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Definition
§ By definition, they are characterized by cultural differences in communicating style, values, and perceptions. The dissimilarities probably are most prominent in the early stage of relational development when people tend to exchange less personal information.
§ Negative stereotyping often comes into play in intercultural relationships. Stereotypes are a way of categorizing and processing information but are detrimental when they are negative and are held rigidly.
§ The anxiety that people often experience initially. Some anxiety is present in the early stages of any relationship, but the anxiety is greater in intercultural relationship. We may be afraid that we’ll look stupid or that we’ll offend someone because we’re unfamiliar with that person’s language or culture. They take more “care and feeding” than do those relationships between people who are very similar. A lot of work has to do with explain—explaining to themselves, to each other, and to their respective communities
§ The biggest obstacles to boundary-crossing friendships have come not from minority communities, but from majority communities. Those in the majority have the most to gain by maintaining social inequality and are less likely to initiate boundary-crossing friendships. In contrast, minority groups have more to gain. Developing intercultural relationships can help them survive—economically, professionally, and personally.
§ Finally, individuals recognize and respect the differences. We are often reminded that we can never know exactly what its like to walk in another person’s shoes. |
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Term
· Relationships and cultural dialectics (text)
o Personal-contextual dialectics |
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Definition
| § There are aspects of the relationship that are personal—consistent from situation to situation—but context also plays a huge role in how intercultural relationships are developed |
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Term
| relationships and cultural dialectics: o Difference-Similarities dialectic |
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Definition
§ We tend to be attached to people who we perceive to be similar to ourselves, and evidence indicates that this principle works for many cultural groups
§ In intercultural relationships, in contrast, we may be attracted to persons who are somewhat different from ourselves. The differences that form the basis of attraction may involve personality traits and may contribute to complementarily or balance in the relationship
§ Some individuals are attracted to people simply because they have a different cultural background. Intercultural relationships present intriguing opportunities to experience new ways of living in and looking at the world
§ The most successful relationships have a balance of differences and similarities |
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Term
| relationships and CD: o Cultural individual dialectic |
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Definition
| § We have described various cultural differences that exist in value orientations, in both nonverbal and verbal communication. Although we have provided some generalizations about how various cultural groups differ, it is important to remember that communication is both cultural and individual |
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Term
| relationships and CD: Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic |
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Definition
§ People may be simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged, or privileged in some contexts and disadvantaged in others.
§ For example, Laura, a bilingual university student, feels at a greater advantage In settings in which conversations take place in Spanish and English than she does in all-English settings
§ People in more powerful positions in particular need to be sensitive to power differentials, which may be less obvious to them |
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Term
o Static-dynamic dialectics
relationship CD: |
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Definition
§ This dialectic suggests that people and relationships are constantly in flux, responding to various personal and contextual dynamics
§ Changes occur very slowly sometimes, but we need to remind ourselves that relationships are both static and dynamic |
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Term
| o History/past-present/future dialectics |
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Definition
§ Rather than trying to understand relationships by examining the relational partners alone, it is helpful to consider the contexts in which relationships occur. Often, this means the historical context.
§ Cultural groups have different relationships with each other; some of these relationships are more positive and others more negative |
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Term
| The history of intercultural marriage |
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Definition
o A troubled past
o Miscegenation depicted as forbidden fruit, a threat to the economic institution of slavery, the stability of the labor force, and the continuation of the social order. Unnatural,
o 1940’s = gradual change in attitudes of many whites and in national policy, increasing interracial association and marriage.
o Loving v. Virginia (1967) = anti miscegenation laws unconstitutionally discriminated on basis of race, interfering with fundamental right to marry. Court ruled like brown v. board, separate but equal relationships and not equal
o Things are a lot different now, right?
o In 80’s, any foreigner who married an American citizen had to wait for 2 years to prove that their union was “genuine”
o Not until 2000 that the last state, Alabama, overturned its law against interracial marriage.
o According to 2010 census, only 8% of all marriages are interracial, however the rate of intermarriage has decreased by 45% in last 10 years.
o De facto segregation and prejudice limit frequency of intermarriage
o While youth perceive a slight decrease in societal sanction, they report less desire and less opportunity to date interculturally than respondents 20 years ago
o While the young, affluent, and better educated, tend to be ok with intercultural dating in theory, responses take on ambivalence when “actual” intermarriage considered. |
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Term
· Conflicting research on intercultural marriage
o Previous research vs. more recent research |
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Definition
§ Previous research: couples don’t fit within their own cultural backgrounds
§ More recent research: couples marry for similar reasons as intercultural couples - personal liking & sexual attraction
§ Previous research: intercultural couples more likely to divorce and less satisfied
§ More recent research: While IC couples may have unique challenges, previous research claims are faulty, different set of challenges |
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Term
· IC marriage dialectic of conventionality-uniqueness
o Conventionality |
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Definition
§ Continuation of cultural values
§ No religious difference, some couples say that if they had religious differences then they might have problems but since they don’t they themselves as normal |
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Term
| · IC marriage dialectic of conventionality-uniqueness: uniqueness |
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Definition
§ Cultural differences: gender roles, how much time do we spend with our extended family collectivist vs. individualist
§ Interest from strangers: all take it as a positive, liked the extra attention
§ Atypical representatives: say that they are not the typical person from that culture |
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Term
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Definition
§ How do they negotiate that? The stragies
· The idea that couples they recognize that they have these differences, but they are positive because we know we cant take things for granted, we have to communicate out intentions, we have to talk more and cause of the extra comm. We grow closer together, differences are healthy and positive |
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Term
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Definition
§ Encourages individuals to respect and appreciate cultutral differences instead of simply erasing or ignoring them, and encourages communication that is nonjudgmental and accepting of others
§ Emotional, psychological connection but is limited by the speration between people and then is gone |
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Term
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Definition
§ The extension of empthay
§ Connection between people, can truthfully bond with the person
· Role of performance in IC |
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Term
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Definition
| § Ultimate goals, you work your whole life for the goal |
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Term
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Definition
§ The means in which we work towards the terminal values
§ Example: romance in partners
· Both want to keep the relationship up but have different ways of keeping the relationship going
· Celebrating the 50 year anniversary
o While one wants a cruise and a huge party the other just wants a nice quiet dinner |
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Term
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Definition
· Why is identity an important concept for intercultural communication?
o It is through communication—with our family, friends, and other—that we come to understand ourselves and form out identity |
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Term
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Definition
§ Views the self in a relatively static fashion in relation to the various cultural communities to which a person belongs: nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and so on.
§ Identity created by self (by relating to groups)
§ Emphasizes individualized, familial, and spiritual self(cross-cultural perspective) |
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Term
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Definition
§ Is more dynamic and recognizes the important role of interaction with others as a factor in the development of the self
§ Identity formed through communication with other
§ Emphasizes avowal and ascribed dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
§ Views identity even more dynamically—as a result of contexts quite distant from the individual
§ Identity shaped through social, historical forces
§ Emphasizes contexts and resisting ascribed identity |
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Term
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Definition
| the self an individual defines and portrays |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which others attribute identities to an individual. How people ascribe us determines who we ar |
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Term
| o What is the relationship between communication & identity? |
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Definition
§ No identity is “given” or “natural”; each one is constructed. Consequently, identification and communication are closely intertwined processes:
· the identities that one avows are defined and performed through communication.
· one must communicate in a particular manner so that identity ascription may occur.
§ Therefore, intercultural communication is not simply the business of sending and receiving information, it is also the business of representing "who we are" to others, and recognizing cultural others’ messages of identity. |
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Term
| · The relationship between globalization and identity |
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Definition
o In pre-globalization era, communities were well-defined, and autonomous, and there was a strong connection between geography (place) and culture (Identity)
o This geographically connected culture was relatively stable because (relative to today) people did not move very frequently or far. (There are, of course, notable exceptions to this
o An ongoing process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations
o Globalization has functioned to move people around the world more rapidly than in previous historical periods, fragmenting identities and stable localities, creating new and complex identitie
o Globalization processes have led to the creation of new and complex identities |
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Term
| What does it mean for identity to be negotiated? |
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Definition
o Like culture, the process of identification takes place between people. It is a negotiated understanding, in which meaning is never fully fixed/determined.
o Therefore, in order to completely (i.e., unproblematically) identify with a social group, the avowal and ascription processes must be aligned. (e.g., you see yourself as a member of group X, and so do others)
It’s a give and take process between people, my identity is not just a product of my doing but is worked out with other people, not what I avowal but how people see me, and the way that I avowal myself is how people will ascribe me |
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Term
| · Aspects of Whiteness (note: different than white privilege) |
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Definition
o European American identity is unmarked. Although, like an accent, it exists, we are taught not to pay attention to it.
o Because it is unmarked, the experience often encourages envy of other co-cultural group members for their sense of community and the ways in which they are “special”, “different”, and “unique”.
o However, whiteness does function in common ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting.
o Whiteness gets defined in terms of the “other,” as an absence of culture.
§ Defined in contrast to other groups
o A preeminence placed on “objectivity,” science, and reason
§ We find unique patterns between us and other people in different cultures
o Seen as the norm and functions as it
o White kids only go tanning, have pets, certain cultural aspects
o Talk about US gov in very positive terms
o Tend to place a high emphasis on objectivity, reason, science |
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Term
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Definition
o Access to the opportunities created by “whiteness” is what scholars have labeled white privilege. Privilege does not refer to being comfortable or well off, but to differences in opportunities. If someone is disadvantaged, it presupposes that someone else is advantaged.
o However, mainstream U.S. culture fosters little consciousness of continuing social inequalities or how White people may benefit from them. |
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Term
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Definition
o The act of becoming white (or more white-like) signifies gaining access to a host of material privileges, along with more control over one’s life. Asians changing their eyes to look like white people’s
o Idea of changing your appearance or communicate to come off as being part of the dominating group. |
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Term
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Definition
§ status, class
§ Majority/minority
§ Power, control policies |
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Term
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Definition
| Ever-changing, evolving, conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| § all together more than the sum, can’t just add our identities together to get who we are |
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Term
| · Identity freezing and “space of radical openness” |
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Definition
o Goes against our identity, who we are
o Singling out a specific identity
o You emphasize one aspects while ignoring other aspects |
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Term
Kaw:
· Explain the connection between cultural identity, racial structures, and cosmetic surgery. |
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Definition
o Research on cosmetic surgery to have eyes more round and noses to make them more white.
o They were doing it cause they thought they would get more oppoutiunrtes in the world, based on whiteness
o Moms were supported because they thought it would help them
o Apply whiteness, white privilege, passing, etc… |
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Term
| ü Race as a social construction (Moore & Fields, Ojito articles) |
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Definition
o "Color, hair, and bone" are like ink on a piece of paper; the ink itself does not contain the meaning, it merely signifies/stands in for/represents the meaning.
o The meaning is not naturally predetermined. It has been created by (hu)man(s) in a particular historical context and has been passed on to us. Different societies have thus inherited different meanings for the word race
o Scientific evidence contradicts the idea of many races. There is more genetic variation within racial groups than between them
o All of this is to say that race is a social construction. There is no absolute definition to what it means to be “White”, “Black”, “Latino”, “Asian”, or “Arab” no authentic whiteness, shape racial identity as a process by immigrating to the US
o Race, itself, is a figment of our collective imagination, and thus defined through communication. |
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Term
| Historical development of the concept of race |
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Definition
o Developed In the colonial area, Europeans didn’t see themselves as one race but many
o But as a result of war advancement weaponry, immunity to various diseases,
o When they started to travel they were able to conquer and out of this process race was a way to say it was ok for what they were doing |
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Term
| ü Race as structural (economic, legal, housing, etc.) |
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Definition
o The history of racial relations in this country has functioned to institutionalize race. Race is more than just the individual identities of people, but it is woven into the very fabric of our structures (education, courts, politics, healthcare, media, housing, etc.)
o Our past has shaped our future
o White advantage of buying a house, car, how the people were treated different in the situations, the names that sound more white are more likely to get a job |
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Term
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Definition
| negative) emotional reactions toward (members of) other social groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of advantage based on race. |
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Term
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Definition
| subtle, often unintentional form of bias that characterizes individuals who possess strong egalitarian values and believe they are non-prejudiced. Because of their egalitarian views, they do not discriminate directly and openly in ways that can be attributed to racism, but because of implicit prejudice they often discriminate, unintentionally, when their behavior can be justified on the basis of some factor other than race (e.g., questionable qualifications) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Some people (active racists) run on the conveyor belt, fully aware of it, and fully intent on taking advantage of it. |
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