1- Physical (good looking)

2- Social (when we want to be friend with someone, hang out with)

3- Task (when we want to work with someone)

1- Time period (fat people used to be rich)

2- Culture

3- Individual taste

• Regarding romantic relationship, physical attractiveness is important at the beginning of the relationship during the DATING stage.
• Knapp & Hall cites couples who had an initial impression of their spouses as being of average physical attractiveness. Their spouses became more attractive as they got to know them.
• Couples whose physical attractiveness is mismatched leads to questions (based on gender)
• For which gender is physical attractiveness an important factor regarding perceptions of the other sex?

• The "matching" hypothesis predicts that we tend to select people who are similar to ourselves in terms of physical attractiveness. Usually, the other person is a little above our self-perceived attractiveness.
• We may want the best looking partner but when it is time to make an actual date, reality sets in.
• Then, we take it down a notch to avoid rejection.
• The idea of "she is out of my league"lead to settling for the next potential dating partner.
• The least good looking people settle for each other after the best looking couples choose each other.
• The greater the match in physical attractiveness in romantic couples at low levels of intimacy, the greater chance for developing a more intimate relationship.
• CAUTION!!!They are other factor when considering the success of a romantic relationship

The sharing of traits, similar beliefs & values, ways of looking at the world.

Look is not everything!!!

1- Competence/Expertise

2- Trustworthiness

3- Dynamism (are you shy or outgoing?)

• Erving Goffman studied how people behaved in stylized patterns such as workingin a restaurant.
• Used dramaturgy: Studying people like they are actor in a play.
• Definition of front: The expressive equipment of a standart kind intentionally or unwittingly employed by the individual during his performance.
• We put on a front to others when we perform life (work, go out, do things in public.)

• Our physical appearance makes up our "personal front."
• Includes insignia, clothing, sex, age, race, size, looks, posture, facial expressions, bodily gestures, speech patterns.
• Includes artifacts (to which we might attribute meaning and is sometimes reflective of what we think rather than any inherent meaning in the object itself. (hair color, body piercing)

• Why do we wear clothes and why do we wear the clothes we wear.
• Practical : Protection (body covering, disguise)
• Communicative purpose: Personal attribute, background, personality (self-expression), occupation, status, group identification, role (Barbara Adams video)

• Thornton (1944): People who wear eyeglass means intelligent, industrious, honest.
• Hamid (1968) Female who wear glasses means: Religious, conventional, unimaginative.
• Mc Kelvie (1977) Dull, intelligent, shy
• Other research are : less attractive, less friendly, shyer, meaner, intelligent, honest reliable

• Ideal body shape for men: V shape with waist-hip ratio of between .80 and .95 (waist and hips alsmost equal)
• Ideal body shape for women: Slender with waist hip-ratio of .70 (waist is smaller than hips.)

- Also known as "vocal phenomena"

- Not what we say, but how we say it.

Refers to the structure of speech flow and modifications in:

1. Intonation
2. Rhythm
3. Loudness

- Variation in the voice to help convey the meaning of what we say. Example of the video (Bud Light Commercial "Dude")

• Perceptions of others (emotions, personality)
• Acoustic properties (speech rate, pitch, loudness)
• Vocal characteristics (breathy, husky)
• Other sounds and their meanings (laughing, crying, moaning, "um" silence)
• Extralinguistic phenomena (accents)

1. Sex
2. Age
3. Social class/Status

• More fluency (less mistakes in speech)
• Faster rate
• Louder speech
• More dynamic contrast
• Higher pitch
• More variable pitch
• Talk more

1. Tongue slips
2. Stutter
3. Repetition
4. Vocalized pause (saying "um" or "uh")

Subject listened to an audiotape speech with either no, some, or a lot of nonfluencies. Then rated the speaker on competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism.

• More nonfluencies = less competence and dynamism, but nonfluencies did not affect trustworthiness.

The fancy word is Baby talk.

• High-pitched
• Sing song
• Slow
• Rhythmic
• Repetitive
• SImplified language
• Babies prefer it to normal adult speech

Communicating emotion: Voice vs Face

In communicating emotions, which is more accurate: Vocal cues or Facial cues?

• Recognizing emotion from the voice is more difficult.
• The voice is less effective than the face to judge people's rapport.

• Vocal variety in pitch, force, quality = better recall and comprehension.
• We can comprehend material when it presented at a faster rate than we might think.
• Poor vocal quality affects perceptions of the speaker, but not retention.  Example: Ben Stein as the boring teacher.

• The term from vocalics for silence is "nonsound."
• To emphasize
• To show favor/disfavor
• To reveal or hide something
• To express emotion (such as disgust, sadness, anger, or fear)
• Deep thoughtfulness
• Mental inactivity

• Morris examines how female gender signs are exaggerated in different countries.
• Neck- In Russia and Thailand (long neck giraffe type)
• Foot - In China old era (tiny shoes), The western countries (high heels)
• Lips -In Ethiopia (lip plate), In the western countries (collagen injection)
• Hips -Cameroun (large pelvis), Victorian era (corset helped to enlarge the pelvis)
• Exaggerated body parts in the US : breast, lips, eyes
• According to Morris, youth and health are the two universal human qualities. Play fighting and dancing are the nonverbal behaviors for it.  

• Past research has found that mistakes in speech tend to negatively affect Competence and Dynamism and it is called the "Replication hypothesis."
• The number of nonfluencies used in the newscast were 0,3,9
• The message channels were Audiotaped and Televised
• 6 versions of the newscast were produced.
• The stimulus person was a male radio announcer

• The purpose of the study was to examined the difference between older and younger men and women's evaluation of differently dressed sources credibility. (Competence, Character such as trust, Dynamism)
• The subjects were Weirdo's (Florida) and members of a civic organization.
• The stimulus was videotaped interviews in which a male host interviewed targets dressed conservatively, casually, and neutrally.
• Conservative attire for male (dark blue suit, white shirt, blue tie)
• Conservative attire for female (dark blue skirt suit, white blouse)
• Casual men attire (pale pink short sleeves shirt and jeans)
• Casual attire for women (pale pink knit top, dark blue slacks)
• Neutral for male (white shirt, sweater, dark blue slacks)
• Neutral attire for female (long sleeves blouse and brown shirt, dark blue skirt)
• Younger women gave the highest scores to all the targets
• Older women gave the lowest scores to all the targets  

• The first minutes of a job interview are likely to make overall evaluations.
• What "seemingly trivial" appearance cues have been studied in past research? clothing, grooming, cosmetics, hair lengh and eye glasses affect communication outcome.
• Riggio and Throckmorton found that job candidate appearance and dress were more important than interview skills training.
• What is impression theory? People try to control their communicative behavior in order to create desired impression of themselves.
• Based on Shepperd and Kwavnick, conservative individuals perceive tatoos and body piercing symbols of rebellion or recklessness.

• Workman and Johnson said that male students who wear jewelry may be seen as noncomformists and in turn negatively.
• Past research tells us that when we go on a job interview, we need to appear Credible and Attractive.
• Method used was a survey
• The stimulus people were Weirdo's and 101 recruiters
• Source Credibility Scale (character, sociability, competence, composure, extroversion)
• Attraction Scale (social, physical, and task attraction) 
• Nose ring was the highest perceiption of nonconformity.
• Based on the findings, the general advice to give a male going on a job interview regarding artifacts are: No jewelry, earring, ring

• The purpose of the study: To examine the effect of hair color and cosmetic use on judgment about a female job applicant's ability for a professional position.
• The hypothese (educated guess) were: Applicants with brunette hair would receive the highest capability ratings and starting salary, while blond blond hair lower. Applicants wearing cosmetics would receive lower ratings.
• The occupation of the applicant was accountant
• The subjects were Weirdo's
• Stimulus used were resume and picture