• Prepare an overview- Review articles and encyclopdia (General Knowledge)
• Build a bibliograpy- Get a lot of resources
• Acquire in depth knowledge- Look deeper than facts and figures
• Use up to date info
• Include local application

• A comprehensive understanding of your topic such as

-Main issue

-Respected Authorities Oppinions

-Latest Developments

-Local Applications

• Assess your personal knowledge and experience
• Enrich your knowledge using library and internet and expert interviews
• Take careful notes

Does this source 

• Containt relevant facts and stats
• Cite experts whom can be quoted
• Provide interesting examples
• Provide narratives that bring topic to life

Look for the 4 Rs

1. Relevance
2. Representativeness
3. Recency
4. Reliability

• Authority- Evalute credentials of author
• Accuracy- Evaluate correctness by checking against other info
• Objectivity- Is the source free of bias

• Prepping for the interview
• Establish Contact
• Prepare for the interview
• Conduct the Interview

• §  Make interviews the final phase of your research preparation
• §  Check your library’s vertical file or local newspaper archives to help you identify nearby prospects for interviews
• §  Through your initial research, identify widely recognized experts for possible telephone or email interviews
• §  Find out which means of interview works best
• Look on your campus for interviews

• Relevance
• Intensity- The exten to which aspects of a speech have the quality of being striking or standing out
• Contrast- Attracts attentions by highlighting differences
• Repetition
• Novelty

1. Categorical
2. Comparative
3. Spatial
4. Sequential
5. Chrological
6. Causation

Literal analogy- a comparison drawn from subjects from the same field of experience

Figurative Analogy- Comparison drawn from subjects from essentially different fields of experience

• Should be short
• Organized before speaking
• Rely heavily on facts and figures
• Adapt language to audience
• Present your message with confidence
• Be prepared to answer tough questions

• Is my topic significat enough
• What do my listeners already know
• What more do they need to know to accomplish my purpose
• Do I understand my topic well enough to help others understand

1. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us
2. We seek to learn skills that are vital or enjoyable
3. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and why they were made

1. Interested but uninformed
2. Interested and knowledgeable
3. Uninterested
4. Unsympathetic
5. Distrustful

Will it...

• help them understand and control the world around them
• Improve thier health, safety or general well being
• Give them a sense of making a contribution by caring for others
• Help them establish better relations with family and friends
• Give them a sense of accomplishment
• Contribute to the restoration of moral balance and fairness
• Provide them with enjoyment

1. Brief- A concise reference to illustrate a point
2. Extended- A more detailed reference that allows the speaker to explain the point in more detail
3. Factual- An example based on something that actually happened or really exists
4. Hypothetical- An example not offered as real, but as representative of actual people, situations or events

A narrative that invites listeners to imagine themselves as participants in a story.

A speech that is structured around a single, well developed narrative    

Measures the skill of the speaker in blending scene, characters, and actions into a compelling story.

What is a Narrative Fidelity?

• Is the narrative relevant to my topic and purpose
• Does the narrative fairly represent the situation
• Will the story help listeners make sense of things
• Will the narrative appropriate for this audience
• Will the narrative draw listeners into the action
• Will the story provide appropriate role models
• Will the story enchance identification among listeners, topic and speaker
• Will the narrative make my speech more memorable
• Does the story set an appropriate mood for my message
• Is the narrative fresh and interesting
• Is the narrative in good taste?

• Limit number of main points
• Fewer points, more support
• Repeat key points for emphasis.... EMPHASIS
• Use parallel construction: Wording in a repeated pattern to emphasize importance and show relatedness
• Paraphrase main points

1. Introduce
2. Points
3. Support
4. Develop
5. Conclude

1. Select, arrange and develop main and supporting points
2. Develop a working outline
3. Add transitions

• Categorical
• Comparative
• Spatial
• Sequential
• Chronological
• Causation
• Problem Solution
• Refutative
• Narrative

ú  Acknowledge the audience, location or occasion

ú  Invoke shared interests and values

ú  Urging audience participation through show of hands, rhetorical strategies and verbal agreement

ú  Humor

ú  Open with a narrative

ú  Opening with a quotation

ú  Startling the audience

ú  Establish your credibility

·      Be well organized

·      A good intro

·      Cite personal expertise

·      Come off straight forward, sincere and genuinely concerned

ú  Summarize

ú  Echo your intro

ú  Restate the relevance

ú  Issue a call to action

ú  Ask a rhetorical question

ú  Close with a story

ú  Close with a question

ú  Close with a metaphor

Use rhetorical strategies

ú  Do what you do best