Anasazi

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Definition: 

A member of an ancient American Indian people of the southwestern US southern , northern Arizon, northwest New Mexico, and southern Colorado.

Historical Significance:

Influenced other Indians in their region, built Pueblo Bonito in what is now known as New Mexico.

Pueblo Revolt

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Definition:

An uprising of several pueblos of the Pueblo People against Spanish Colonization of the Americas in the 1600's.

Historical Significance:

The retreat of the Spaniards left New Mexico under the Pueblos' power. 

Cherokee

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Definition: 

a member of an American Indian people of the southeastern US.

Historical Significance:

Assimilated numerous cultural and technological practices of European American settlers, first major Non-European ethnic group to become U.S. citizens.

Iroquois

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Definition: 

A member of a former confederacy of North American Indian peoples.

Historical Significance: 

Came together in an association known today as the five nations, comprising of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. 

Encomienda

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Definition:

 A system used by the Spanish during the conquering of present-day Mexico that outlined land ownership for areas that were conquered.

Historical Significance: 

Gives a colonist in America the right to demand tribute and forced labor from Indian inhabitants of an area.

Bartolome de las Casas

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Definition: 

16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican Friar, became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas. 

Historical Significance: 

First official appointed "protector of the Indians", wrote "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies", concerning the atrocies done to the indigenous people at the hands of the colonizers.

Coureur de Bois

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Definition:

A woodsman or trader of French origin. (typically living in Canada or Northern U.S.)

Historical Significance:

 Travelled into to the woods trade European goods for furs, learning the trades and practices of the Native Americans living there.

Iroquois Confederacy

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Definition:

The decentralized political and diplomatic entity that comrpised of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. They were subdivided into smaller families or tribes, each having its symbol-coat-of-arms-such as the bear, the wolf, the eagle, the heron the beaver, the deer, the turkey or the tortoise.  

Historical Significance:  

Emerged in response to European colonization.

Jamestown

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Definition:

A British settlement established on the James River in Virginia in 1607.

Historical Significance:

One of the first permanent British colonies to be established in Northern America, burned down during Bacon's rebellion in 1676, only to be rebuilt again.

Captain John Smith

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Definition:  

English soldier, Explorer, and author; knighted for his services to Sigismund Bathory, Prince of Transylvania and his friend Mózes Székely.

Historical Significance: 

Played an important role in the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in North America, Leader of the Virginia Colony between September 1608 and August 1609, leading exploration along the rivers of Virginia and Chesapeake Bay.

Powhatan Confederacy

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Definition:

A Virginia Indian confederation of tribes.

Historical Significance:

Sought out to drive away the British from the Virginia Colonies in 1618.

Cash Crops (tobacco, etc.)

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Definition:

An agricultural crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Historical Significance:

Tobacco, one of the first crops harvested in the Virginia colony, was a major cash crop in the 1600's.

Indentured Servants

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Definition:

Generally people under 21 contracting to work for a fixed period of time, usually 3-7 years, in exchange for food, clothing, and other necesities in the form of indenture.

Historical Significance:

A labor system that provided jobs and transportation for poor people from overcrowded labor markets such as Europe who wanted to come to labor-short areas such as the colonies but did not have the money for it. Most became farmers and farm wives

Lord Calvert of Maryland

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Definition: 

Founder of Maryland

Historical Significance: 

First person to have a colony established in America where Catholics and Protesstants could prosper together. 

Virginia Company

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Definition: 

A pair of English Joint Stock companies chartered by James I on April 10, 1606. 

Historical Significance:

Established settlements on the coast of North America.

Joint-Stock Company

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Definition:

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Historical Significance: 

The Virginia Company is an example of a Joint-Stock company used to establish settlements in North America.

Indentured Servitude

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Definition:

 A worker (the "indentured servant"), usually from a foreign country, agreeing to work for a specific time, usually about 7-8 years, to pay off his costs of travel to the new country.

Historical Significance:

Popular through the 1600's, when indentured servants were needed to farm Tobacco, up until Bacon's Rebellion, which made it unpopular.

Chesapeake Colonies

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Definition:

Colony and Dominion of Virginia, later the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Province of Maryland, later Maryland, both colonies located in British America and centered around the Chesapeake Bay. 

Historical Significance:  

Founded in the 17th century and economies, dependent on the Bay's rich fisheries, docking ships, and plantations.

Middle Colonies

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Definition:

 the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America

Historical Significance:

The Middle Colonies became independent of Britain as the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, and Delaware did. Pennsylvania,New York and Delaware.

New England Colonies

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Definition:

Included the colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and the Province of New Hampshire.

Historical Significance:

These Colonies would later become the states of New England after the American Revolution.

Mayflower Compact

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Definition:

The first governing document of the Plymouth Colony, signed in 1620.

Historical Significance:

Written by the Separatists, known as the "Saints" trying to flee religious persecution from James VI and James I

William Bradford

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Definition:

American religious and colonial leader, a signer of the Mayflower Compact in 1620 and governor of Plymouth Colony sporadically from 1621 until 1656.

Historical Significance:

English Separatist leader of settlers of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts, serving as governor for 30 years, and is credited as the first civil authority to designate what popular American culture now views as thanksgiving in the United States.

Plymouth

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Definition:

The site in 1620 of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers; was the earliest permanent European settlement in New England.

Historical Significance:

Was the site of the colony founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, passengers of the famous ship the Mayflower; site where New Enlgand was Established, place where the first thanksgiving feast was held.

John Winthrop

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Definition:

American colonial leader, born in England, the first governor (1630–1649) of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

Historical Significance:

Puritan lawyer, led the first large wave of migrants from New England in 1630, served as governor for 12 years.

"City Upon a Hill"

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Definition:

A line from a famous sermon by Puritan John Winthrop frequently invoked in discussions of American exceptionalism. 

Historical Significance:

John Winthrops vision of a "city upon a hill" dominated New Enlgand development, influencing the government and religion of surrounding colonies.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Definition:

An English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, slocated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.

Historical Significance:

Economically successful, engaging in trade with England and the West Indies.

Separatists

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Definition:

A person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender

Historical Significance:

Separatists fled England to the colonies in order to escape religious persecution; they thought the Church of Enlgand could not be purified through reform.

Non-Separatists

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Definition:

Group of people who felt that the Church of England can be purified through reform.

Historical Significance:

Most of them were granted land in the New World (Massachusetts Bay colony) 

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Definition:

Orders adopted by the Connecticut Colony Council on January 14, 1639

Historical Significance:

They describe the government set up by the Connecticut River Towns, setting its structure and powers.

Pequot War

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Definition:

Armed conflict spanning the years 1634–1638 between the Pequot tribe against an alliance of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies who were aided by their Native American allies (the Narrangansett and Mohegan tribes).

Historical Significance:

The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable organized society in what is present-day West Indies.

King Phillip's War

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Definition:

An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England  and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–78. 

Historical Significance:

Was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth-century Puritan New England. in little more than a year, 12 cities were destroyed.

Thomas Hooker

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Definition:

A prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts.

Historical Significance:

Deemed "The Father of Connecticut", towering figure in New England's development, known as an outstanding speaker of universal Christian Suffrage.

Roger Williams

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Definition:

An English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Historical Significance:

Began the colony of Providence Plantation, co-founded Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson

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Definition:

A Puritan woman who was the central figure in the Antinomian Controversy  which took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.

Historical Significance:

Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan orthodoxy in the colony, and her popularity and charisma created a theological and political schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. 

William Penn

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Definition:

English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania. Having been imprisoned in 1668 for his Quaker writings, he was granted a charter to land in North America by Charles II. 

Historical Significance:

Purchased the province of West Jersey, founded Philadephia in order to cause a mass emigration of Quakers to avoid further violence and persecution from the puritans and other colonies.

Virginia House of Burgesses

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Definition:

The first assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America.

Historical Significance:

Established by the Virginia Company, in an attempt to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.

Bacon's Rebellion

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Definition:

An uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony in North America, led by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel Bacon.

Historical Significance:

The first rebellion in the American Colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part

King William's War

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Definition:

The first of six colonial wars fought between New France and New England New England along with their respective Native Allies before Britain eventually defeated France in North America in 1763.

Triangle Trade

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Definition:

A historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

Historical Significance:

New England benefitted greatly from the slave, sugar, and rum triangle trade, trading with Africa and the Caribbean, leaving Europe out of the trade.

Olaudah Equiano

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Definition: 

Known as Gustavus Vassa, a prominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. Enslaved as a child, purchased his freedom, and worked as an author, merchant, and explorer.

Historical Significance:

His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, depicted the horrors of the slavery, and greatly influenced the Slave Trade Act of 1807, which eliminated slave trade, but not slavery itself.

Middle Passage

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Definition:

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.

Historical Significance: 

It was the stage of trade where Millions of African slaves were shipped to the New World, sold or traded for raw materials.

Stono Rebellion

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Definition:

A slave rebellion that commenced on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina

Historical Significance:

Was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies prior to the American Revolution.

Mercantilism

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Definition: the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Historical Significance:

Remained Western Europe's economic polic for the 16th to late 18th centuries, the cause of many European Wars, and motivated colonial expansion

Navigation Acts

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Definition:

A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651.

Historical Significance:

 The goal was to force colonial development into lines favourable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France and other European countries, as a result, force the colonies to rely more on Enlgand in terms of trading.

Salutary Neglect

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Definition:

An undocumented British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain.

Historical Significance:

Allowed the enforcement of trade relations laws to be lenient, as Robert Wadpole did not believe in enforcing the Navigation Acts, design to force colonies trade only with England, Scotland, Wales, and other constituent countries of the British Homeland such as Ireland. Not originally enforced until 1763

Cotton Mather

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Definition:

American minister and writer noted for his political writings. 

Historical Significance:

He sponsored the Massachusetts charter in 1691 and is thought to have influenced the events that led to the Salem witch trials in 1692.

Poor Richard's Almanac

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Definition: 

A yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. 

Historical Significance:

Became very popular books in the colonies, being used from finding weather forecasts, puzzles, to even household hints and entertainment.

Halfway Covenant

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Definition:  A form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662.

Historical Significance:

The people's response to the Halfway Covenant could have helped cause the Great Awakening in the 1730's a religious movement that permanently impacted American Religion.

Great Awakening

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Definition: A Christian revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion.

Historical Significance: By pulling away from ritual and ceremony, The Great Awakening made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

George Whitefield

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Definition: An English-Anglican priest who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain, and especially in the British North American colonies.

Historical Significance:

One of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement in the 18th century generally.

Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Definition: 

A sermon written by American Christian theologian Johnathan Edwards, preached on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut.

Historical Significance:

Combines the vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of scripture, remains Edwards' most famous written work, and is widely studied by Christian and historians, providing a glimpse into the theology of the Great Awakening of Christianity during the 1730's.