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Powhatan's daughter
John Smith went on an expedition in 1607 and was taken captive. First he was served a great feast, but then Indians grabbed him and prepared to kill him. However, he was saved by Pocahontas, and they became good friends.
Helped the trading between Powhatan and the settlers |
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Sam Adam's cousin
The defense attorney for the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre
Was considered a moderate in the struggle against Britain and used reason |
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A Patriot in Boston during the revolution
Organized the Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence
Major force in the revolution
Fiery orator and a master of propaganda |
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| Indian chief, Pocahontas father Agreed to trade with Jamestown |
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the writer of Common Sense
Convinced many colonists that the revolution was a good thing
A recent immigrant from England
He argued that "all monarchies were corrupt, our corn will fetch its price in any market in Britain, America should follow its own destiny" |
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Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Was from Virginia |
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| A diplomat who went to France during the Revolutionary War to convince France to send military aid to the colonies |
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the king of England when the first group of colonists went to the New World
Jamestown is named after him |
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The King of England at the time of the Revolutionary war
Had recently taken over as King
didn’t want the colonies to get their independence |
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1488
Sailed to the southern tip of Africa
Funded by Portugal |
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• 1492
• Wanted to find shorter water route to Asia
• Kept going to Spain, finally Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to fund his expedition
• Supplies
○ 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
○ 90 men
○ Food for 1 yr
• 2 different captain's logs, one for the crew and one that was the truth so that the crew wouldn’t freak out
• Started running out of supplies, bargained for three more days
• Finally landed on San Salvador before his crew left him |
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• 1519
• Wanted to sail around the world
• 5 ships w sailors
○ Hard to find sailors brave enough bc they thought world was flat and also fear of sea monsters
• Lose 115 men left after Spice Islands
• Have to get rid of 13 more men to make room for spices
• Only 18 men make it back alive |
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Turned down being the leader of the colonies because he knew that once he was gone, there was no way to tell who would run the country next and the country would then be exactly like what they had won their independence from: England
Was the commander of the Continental Army |
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A rich merchant in Boston who was also a very influential Patriot for the revolution
The leader of Congress |
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An explorer from Italy
Was the 1st to realize that the land that others had been calling the "West Indies" was not in Asia, the country "America was named for him |
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A Boston silversmith
Charged with spreading the news that the British were going to Lexington and Concord to try to ruin the supply of gunpowder and artillery there
Was stopped by a British patrol, but Samuel Prescott was able to get the news to the townspeople |
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Was the British general
Participated in the Battle of Yorktown
Was the commander of the last large British army
Was surrounded by the colonists and surrendered on October 19, 1781
Didn’t appear to officially surrender, instead sent his second in command |
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The leader of an expedition to Quebec to defeat the British forces there and draw Canadians into helping the Patriots. The expedition failed.
An officer who played a role in the victory at Fort Ticonderoga |
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Son of African American and Native American
Lost his life during the Boston Massacre |
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Wanted to conquer the Aztecs and Montezuma
Was a conquistador from Spain
Used alliances with Native Americans, diseases, guns to help him win |
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A minister in Salem Massachusetts who founded the first Baptist church in America
Didn’t agree with the Puritans
Was banned from Massachusetts and founded his own colony- Rhode Island |
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Believed that a person could worship God without the help of a church, minister or bible
Conducted discussions that challenged church authority
Banned from Massachusetts, also fled to Rhode Island |
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Took control of Jamestown
Announced that "He that will not work shall not eat."
Extended the wall around Jamestown to make it a fortress
Influenced trading
Injured, returned to England |
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Appointed Governor of Massachusetts during the revolution
Had to make tough decisions about the troops |
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Baltimore, MD named after him
Promised freedom to settlers if they went to Maryland
Made Baltimore a haven for Catholics |
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Became a large landowner in America
Was a Quaker
Born to a wealthy English family
Was granted land by King Charles II
Used the land to create a colony where Quakers could live according to their beliefs
Pennsylvania- Native Americans treated fairly, welcomed different religions, and equality |
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| According to journals of the early Plymouth Rock settlers, Squanto was the 1st Native American to teach the pilgrims how to grow maize |
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| a hands off policy from England towards its American colonies |
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Tax on each gallon of molasses sent in from any non-English place (West Indies)
Molasses was an important ingredient for rum
Colonial reaction- smuggling
British reaction- salutary neglect: British let colonists go on smuggling and decide to let them smuggle anyway |
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□ Because the British empire needed money, they passed the Sugar Act
□ That was the predecessor to the Molasses Act--------------------
□ Raised enforcement on smuggling
□ Increased price of smuggled molasses
□ Once you raise enforcement, the smuggled price goes up
□ Eventually it is better to just buy the legal molasses
□ Lowered the tax on sugar |
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§ Anything that was printed needed to have a stamp on it so that it was legal
§ Had to pay with silver coin, which was hard to come by
§ 1st direct tax |
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| an American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution |
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| An American colonist who supported the British during the American Revolution |
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| an American colonist who sided with the rebels during the American Revolution |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| response to the Intolerable Acts in 1774 was a meeting of all of the colonies except for Georgia. It called for a colony wide boycott and encouraged the creation of minutemen. Was in Philadelphia |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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formed after the battles of Lexington and Concord. Met in Philadelphia in 1775-
○ Results: send a message to the King
1. No rebellion intended
2. We will resist tyranny with force
3. We will form our own Continental Army- Commander in Chief: George Washington
4. We have sent delegates to France and Spain |
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| forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachains |
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| Intolerable Acts (Coercive) |
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1. Boston Port Act- closed entire port of Boston until tea is paid for
§ Made the city basically die, many jobs are lost, nothing goes out and nobody makes goods
2. Banned the Committees of Correspondence
§ To relay any information outside of a city is a criminal offense
3. New Quartering Act
§ Sent many new troops over
4. British troops on trial go to England to have the trial
§ This was to protect troops, made trials unfair
○ Colonists were mad because this took away their Rights of Englishmen
§ freedom of movement
§ freedom of speech
§ right to privacy of your own home
§ right to a jury of peers
§ a right to try people who commit crimes
§ no search warrants without cause
○ Finally gets attention of everyone in the colonies
○ Colonists Response:
§ First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1774
□ 12 colonies meet, all except for Georgia
§ Call for boycott
§ Form colonial militias "minutemen"
○ British Response:
§ Parliament did not back down
○ Colonial Feelings mid 1770's
§ 1/3 Patriots, rebels
§ 1/3 Neutral
§ 1/3 Loyalists, Tories |
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Judges were admirals, a general who is in the navy
Only dealt with smuggling and trade violations
It had no jury, made it unfair
Judges got bonuses for their convictions |
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Provided real wealth for Jamestown by acting as a cash crop
Was the only thing that kept the colony alive economically |
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| a person who takes over, doesn’t listen to laws, and tries to make themselves better than everyone else. They only follow their own rules and will not listen to others. Example- Hitler and Napoleon |
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§ Settled almost in the same area as the Pilgrims
§ Wanted to reform Anglican Church
§ 1o00s came in very beginning- "Great Migration"
§ Succeeded from the outset
§ Settled further North in Massachusetts Bay (Massachusetts Bay Co.)
§ Invested own $$ in company, eventually will become first self- governing colony
§ Came well prepared- fared much better
§ Fished (main economy, Cod), some farming, lumber
§ John Winthrop- 1st governor
§ Puritan ethic-
§ "Hard work required by God"
§ NO religious tolerance
§ Big belief in devil and hell
§ New England Way
□ Our religion had to be Puritan, or else you were banished
□ Ironic because it was exactly why they left England, and yet they continued to do it in New England |
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| § Government run by religious leaders |
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A tax that it added on to the price of a good or service
Ex.- sales tax |
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Regular English way of taxing
Is added on before, so no one actually knows the difference whether or not its there |
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More important to have exports, if you live solely on imports, you will go broke
Favorable Balance of Trade
US has a deficit, not a favorable balance of trade
Budget surplus is when there is a profit and a favorable balance of trade |
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| Surplus- excess of something |
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| Deficit- don’t have enough |
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| Goods or services that are brought into a country from abroad for sale |
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| Goods or services that are sent to another country to be sold |
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| people/countries make decisions about what to produce or not to produce according to things they do well or do poorly. |
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○ England, France, Spain, Netherlands (Dutch)
○ All competing w each other to use the new World for money
○ Balance of trade: exports are greater than your imports; you sell more than you buy
○ Earn money from exports
○ Lose money from imports
○ In order to have more exports, they claimed land |
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| temporary slavery for 5-7 years and then eventually earned freedom and land |
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| A worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves |
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i. Created search warrants so that they could enter someone's home
ii. Could get warrants without probable cause, easy to get |
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| a refusal to buy certain goods |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| a group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs |
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| first formal proposal to unite the colonies. Each colony was to send a representative to the Grand Council. Colonial legislatures defeated the plan though because they did not want to give up their power. |
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○ Needed more money
○ Colonial response was bad, they were insulted and felt like it was being forced on them
○ They said "We are not paying for them, we don't want to pay tax." |
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| the route between Africa and the New World that slaves from Africa took |
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○ Background-
§ tea tax is still in effect. Colonists are buying smuggled tea from Holland
§ East India Tea Company is struggling
Inventory- the amount of goods that you have in your warehouse ready to sell
○ Parliament lowers tax on East India Tea Company only
§ Even cheaper than smuggled tea
§ Bad for the smugglers
§ Most colonists would buy the tea, because it was CHEAPER and LEGAL
Monopoly: control the prices of a product: who gets it and how much it costs
○ Colonial Response:
§ Boston Tea Party |
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| a way of farming that produces enough food for the family with a little left over to trade |
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| a pamphlet that convinced many Americans that a break with England was necessary written by Thomas Paine |
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| British were taxing the tea too high so a group of Patriots dressed as Indians and dumped the tea from a huge merchant ship |
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people in Boston threw snowballs and rocks at a few troops on duty
§ The British fired their guns only after they heard someone posing as their leader saying "Fire"
§ Because of propaganda the incident was blown up
§ The British troops were but on trial in the Colonies |
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| a person who works for a master who is skilled in a certain trade as a way to learn how to do things, is an apprentice where he doesn’t get paid for a few years and then has his own job |
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Used by the Dutch
A person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland and as a reward received a large land grant |
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□ 8 yrs of fighting
□ Americans
§ 25,700 Americans died in the war
□ 10,000 died in camp- starvation, disease, exposure
□ 8,500 died in British prisons
□ 7,200 died in battle
§ 1,400 remained missing
§ 8,200 were wounded
□ British
§ 10,000 military deaths
□ Many soldiers had received little or no pay for their service
□ Instead of money the government gave some soldiers certificates to land in the West, but those were often sold off for food and other basic needs
□ Congress and the states were in debt by about 27 million
□ Thousands of Loyalists lost their property
□ Between 60,000 and 100,000 left the United States during and after the war for Canada |
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| articles of confederation |
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○ Adopted 1777
○ Replaced 1787
○ Lasted 11 years
○ The thirteen colonies did not trust each other
§ Name of" United States of America"
§ A republic: representative government with voting. It was run by Congress and there was no president.
□ Congress' powers
® Wage war
® Sign treaties
® Common coin
® Pass laws
§ Most of the power rested with individual states
□ Tax
□ Control western lands
□ One vote each in Congress
® Good for Rhode Island, bad for big colonies
§ 8/13 ratified… 5 small colonies refused because of western lands
○ Weaknesses
§ Took 9/13 to pass a law, large majority
§ 13/13 to change a law, its never going to happen
§ Each state gets 1 vote
§ NO central court
§ NO president
§ Limited power to tax- could only request money
§ No regulation interstate trade
§ They had no money
§ Stated out 80 million dollars in debt- from old continentals
§ 14 different curencies |
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• 19 year old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in the Washington's army
• Was given command of an army division
• Called "soldiers friend"
○ Bought warm clothes with his own money for the troops
• Persuaded the French to send an army of 6,000 to America |
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