Term
| What are the names of the cell junctions? |
|
Definition
| Adhern Juctions, Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prevent Leakage and Passage of Materials between cells |
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Term
| What are tight junctions structure? |
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Definition
plasma membranes of two cells are fused with a strip of proteins |
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Term
| Locations of Tight Junctions |
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Definition
1. epithelium of bladder (prevents urine leakage)
2. epithelium of intestine & stomach (prevents food leakage) |
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Term
type of cell junction whose main role is to hold epithelial cells together |
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Definition
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Term
3-part structure of Adherens junctions |
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Definition
1. PLAQUE (dense layer of protein inside cell membrane)
2. transmembrane glycoproteins (CADHERINS): cross the plaques of the two connected cells
3. microfilaments of ACTIN extend through cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
Cadherins = transmembrane glycoproteins that cross the plaques of two adjacent cells in ADHERENS junctions and Desmosomes |
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|
Term
cell junction that resists cell separation and disruption during TENSION & provide cellular support for CARDIAC muscle |
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Definition
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Term
3-part structure of desmosomes |
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Definition
1. Plaque
2. transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins)
3. Intermediate filaments (Keratin) |
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Term
two locations of desmosomes |
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Definition
1. epidermis
2. cardiac muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Hemidesmosomes connect cells to the basement membrane!!!! *half welds*
Hemidesmosomes DO NOT link adjacent cells! |
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Term
where are hemidesmosomes widely distributed? |
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Definition
within EPITHELIA (which has basement membrane) |
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Term
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Definition
tiny intercellular gap between the plasma membranes |
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Term
what is specific to the structure of gap junctions |
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Definition
gap junctions are crossed by CONNEXONS= protein channels between the two plasma membranes, filled with fluid |
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Term
role of connexons in gap junctions |
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Definition
throught connexons, cells exchange ions and small molecules |
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Term
3 locations of gap junctions |
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Definition
1. involuntary muscle (cardiac & smooth)
2. osteocytes
3. epithelia of gut |
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Term
| 4 Main types of Tissues Are? |
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Definition
1.Epithlial Tissue
2.Connective Tissue
3.Muscular Tissue
4.Nervous Tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet of Cells that Covers Body Surfaces, forms glands, line hllow organs, body cavities, and ducts |
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Term
|
Definition
Ancors the Epithelial Tissue
Contains: Collagen IV, Proteoglycans, and a protein calles Laminin |
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Term
Simple squamous epithelium
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Definition
lines the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, the interiors of lines the blood vessels (where it is called vascular endothelium), and membranes in the thrax and abdomen. The cells are thin and flattened, so that substances diffuse easily through them. |
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Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium. |
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Definition
A single layer of cube-shaped cells. Lines ducts of various glands, kidney tubules. Functions in secretion and absorption |
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Term
Simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
this epithelium is thicker.
Found lining the gut and uterus. Aside from providing some protection for the underlying tissues, this type epithelium functions in secretion and abosortption.
Usually have microvilli to help create surface area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple Columnar Cells .. Ability to SECRET MUCOUS |
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Term
Pseudostratified columnar |
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Definition
Appears to be stratified, but is not. It also have goblet cells (produces mucus). The cells usually have cilia (hair sweepers)
***** FOUND IN = TRACHEA**** |
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Term
|
Definition
has many layers of flat cells. The cells next to the basement are dividing and pushing older cells near the surface.
Found in the mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, (these cells are not keratinized.)
Skin is Keratinized (made harder) |
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Term
|
Definition
Also known as uroepithelium because it lines the urinary bladder and urinary tract. its cuboidal cells provide an expandable and relatively impermeable lining to the bladder.
****FULL BLADDER = CELLS FLATTENED****
*** EMPTY BLADDER = Apical DOME CELLS**** |
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Term
|
Definition
Glands are collections of cells that secrete substances. there are two major types of gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
secretions pass straight into the blood stream. (throid, pancreas, pituitary)
the products they secrete (insulin, sex hormones, groth hormones.) |
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Term
|
Definition
Glands where the cells secrete into ducts that open into a surface
(sweat glands, salicary glands) |
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Term
| Merocrine glands (2 types) |
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Definition
Serous merocrine glands have watery secretions (e.g. seat glands, some salivary glands)
Mucous merocrine glands hace this secretions (e.g. glands found in the respitory tubes, some salivary glands) |
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Term
|
Definition
Secrete entire cells laden with secretory cell product (e.g. sebaceous glands in the skin). the cells then disintegrate, releasing the secretory product. |
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Term
Function of Connective tissue |
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Definition
1. Binds structures together
2. Supports and protects
3. Serves as a framework
4. Fills up spaces
5. Stores fat
6. In some places, it generates blood cells
7. Protects against infections
8. Helps repair tissue damage |
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Term
| What gives rise to adult connective tissue |
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Definition
|
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Term
| mesenchyme structure (embryonic connective tissue) |
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Definition
| star or spindle shaped mesenchymal cell, gell like ground substance with fine, immature protein fibers (more gr subst than cells) |
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Term
mucous connective tissue (wharton's jelly) structure
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Definition
| much like mesenchyme with more abundant immature protein fibers |
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Term
Mucous CT *(Whartons Jelly) Location
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is extracellular matrix(space) |
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Definition
The space between cells can be called the extracellular space/material. not a vacume but filled wit materials (collagenous and elastic fibers and Ground substance)
if its liquid the tissue will be loose (blood)
if it got fibers it will be tough
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Term
|
Definition
This is the liquid portion of the extracellular matrix. It is never entirely watery, but more gel-like.Composed of special protein molecules to which are attached large amounts of carbohydrates. These molecules are called proteoglycans.
***they bind water, big role in hydration***
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Term
| What are the 3 connective tissue fibers? |
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Definition
COLLAGEN (MAIN PROTEIN OF CT)
Retricular Fibers
Elastic Fiber |
|
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Term
|
Definition
MOST ABUDANT PROTEIN IN THE BODY
white fibers
Collagens are major body proteins, consising of three intertwined amino acid chains, where every third amino acid chain is a glycine. The amino acids proline and hydroxyproline are also important in holding the structure of the molecule together. |
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Term
|
Definition
yellow fibers composed mainly of the protein elastin, buy also contain a protein called fibrillin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thin bundles of collagen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that produce fiber! |
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Term
|
Definition
| these cells are large and are derived from blood cells. A certain white blood cell can leave the blood and enter tissue, and is then called a macrophage. This cell is a scavenger in our connective tissues. It chews up foreign particles in the tissue by phagocytosis, protecting and cleaning out our bodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
Large cells packed with granules, usually located near blood vessels.
Function: Release substances that help prevent blood clotting and promote the inflammatory response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Move into connective tissue during the inflammation response |
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Term
Loose Connective Tissue
(areolar connective tissue) |
|
Definition
****most widley distributed in the body**
Composed of both collagenous and elastic fibers randomly dispersed in the matrix. Numerous fibroblasts are present.
Both flexibility and strength. It binds tissues together yet allows flexibility and elasticity. It is found surrounding blood vessels and nerves, muscle groups, and binding skin to underlying muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
***SUBCUTAENOUS LAYER*** No fiber, made up adipocyte cell
Store tryglycerides (fat cells) - represent the body's most important energy resourse
(fills spaces, cushions and holds organs in place, acts as a shock absorber, insulates, and give shape.) |
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Term
| Reticular Connective Tissue ***LCT*** |
|
Definition
network of reticular fibers and cells.
forms scaffolding usedby cells of lymphoid tissues ** spleen, lymph node*** |
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Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
|
Definition
Densely packed and arranged parallel to the direction of the force. Interspersed among the collagen fibers are elastin fibers. Tissue has a poor blood supply that makes the healing process slow.
****TENDONS, LIGAMENTS*** |
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|
Term
Dense regular tissue: Tendons |
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Definition
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|
Term
Dense Regular tissue: ligaments |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| If one of the cells gets sick or dies, these seal like a hatch to prevent damage to other cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets are all |
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Term
|
Definition
| generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. |
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Term
|
Definition
| detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
C.T. and muscle are
derived |
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Term
| forms a single layer of column-like cells, ±cilia, ±microvilli, ±mucous |
|
Definition
| SImple Columnar Epithelium |
|
|
Term
The apical ―dome cells‖ of
the top layer (seen here in
relaxation) are an
identifiable feature and
signify an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stratified squamous
epithelium |
|
Definition
prominent feature
of the outer layers
of the skin. |
|
|
Term
hyaline cartilage
function- |
|
Definition
| lacks elasticity, durable, keeps open (trachea) |
|
|
Term
hyaline cartilage
location- |
|
Definition
| trachea, fetal skeleton, ribs-connects to sternum, joints |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| knee joint, between discs in vertebrea |
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|
Term
hyaline cartilage
description- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fibrocartilage
description-
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
elastic cartilage
function- |
|
Definition
| elasticity, bounces back to shape |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
elastic cartilage
description- |
|
Definition
| dark appearance with purple dots, elastic fibers at 40x |
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|
Term
elastic cartilage
location- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary –it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, peritoneum |
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Term
|
Definition
are the most numerous cell of connective tissues. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular
fibers) and a
―ground substance‖
which varies from
one C.T. to another. |
|
|
Term
Sparse cells
Surrounded by an extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
| all C.T. share a common ―theme |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Chondrocytes make the various cartilaginous
Adipocytesstore triglycerides.
Osteocytesmake bone.
White blood cells are part of the blood.
ARE APART OF?????? |
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Term
| are the ―big eaters‖ that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or wandering. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| also macrophages "small eaters" that are numerous in the blood |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast Cells and Eosinophils |
|
Definition
| play an important role in inflammation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| secrete antibody proteins and attack invaders |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which connective tissue has a calcified intracellular matrix? |
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|
Term
| Chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the ____ that make up ____ _____ |
|
Definition
| osteocytes ------ bone tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| liquid connecticve tissues |
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|
Term
| Epithelial membranes are the simplest organs True or Flase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium and connective tissue |
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Term
| Mucous Membranes line "interior" body surfaces open to the outside. Which ones? |
|
Definition
Digestive Tract, Respiratory tract, Reproductive Tract
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Term
| Serous Membranes Line some internal surfaces like? |
|
Definition
Partietal Layer
Serious fluid between layers
Visceral Layer next to organ
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a simple gland does ducts branch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a compound gland ducts does it branch? |
|
Definition
| compound gland ducts branch |
|
|
Term
| Does tublar glands have round or tubular secretory parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Acinar have round or tube secretory parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Areolar CT is also called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines a cavity that DOES NOT open to the OUTSIDE |
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|
Term
| Epithelium Serous Memebrane is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parietal part will line the ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINES A CAVITY THAT? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nervous tissues has 2 cells what are they? |
|
Definition
| neurons (brain cells) & neuroglia (support) |
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|
Term
Meroctine Secretion
most common manner of secretion |
|
Definition
gland releases its product by exocytosis.. no gland is lost or damaged
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| their secretions off through the pm prudcing membrane bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland. |
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Term
| Holocrine secretions r produced by? |
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Definition
| rupture of the pm, release entire cellular content in lumen,which will kill the cell |
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Term
| Integumentary system includes |
|
Definition
| skin, including hair nails and glands as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Pattern of collagen and elastin fiber bundles in the dermis & follows the lines of tension in the skin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kertinized stratfied squamous epithelium |
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|
Term
| Kertinized stratfied squamous epithelius has 4 major types of cells, what are they? |
|
Definition
Kertinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells
|
|
|
Term
| keratinocytes make up 70% 80% 90% or 100% of the cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough fiborous protein that provides protection and makes it waterproof |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pigment melanin (((that protects against damage by uv radiation))) |
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|
Term
Langhren Cells are macrophages
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|
Definition
originate in red bone marrow
INVOLVED IN IMMUNE Responses |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sensation of touch along wit other adjact tactile discs. |
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|
Term
How layers are in the epidermis
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bottom (deepest layer).
Cell devision occurs here and produces all layers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layer of 8-10 kertinocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
3rd Layer filled with granules of kertin.
NON DIVIDING |
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Term
|
Definition
4th layer **Only present in thick skin**
**fingertips,palms,soles*** |
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Term
|
Definition
always outer most layer composed of 20 layers of flat cells-remnants
*SHEDDDING***
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular & nutritive Layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| replacing of viable cells in the stratum basale with more waxy kertain protein as cells move from deepest layer to surface layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excess of kertainzed cells shed from scalp |
|
|
Term
| how many types of skin which are they |
|
Definition
2 types
Thin (hairy) skin all body but palms
Thick (hairless) skin --- palms --palmar - digits -sole
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Term
|
Definition
produced by melanocytes in stratrum basale
Eumelanin (brown to black)
Pheomelanin (yellow to red) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Custered consentrated melanin triggerd by sunlight |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat (adipose) tissue, found below the dermis and above muscle and bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| chronic lesions of the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
depigmentation patches in the skin.
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|
Term
|
Definition
| complete of partial absense of pigment in the skin, eyes, hair.. DUE TO defect OF ENZYME |
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Term
| The dermis is composed of? |
|
Definition
Connective Tissue
(collagen & elastic fibers) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Papillary region
2. Reticular Region |
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|
Term
| Papillary Region is below the epidermis and |
|
Definition
| areolar connective tissue |
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|
Term
| Reticular region consists of |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
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|
Term
| Tears of excesion stretching *stretch marks** occur in what region. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the color of your skin |
|
Definition
3 Pigments!!
1.melanin
2.carotene
3.hemoglobin
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Term
|
Definition
Glands located along the shaft of the hair |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Is beneath skin not apart of skin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sebaceous gland? |
|
Definition
| Also known as oil glands, secrete sebum. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the skin layer would you find blood and lymph vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sudoriferous glands? |
|
Definition
secrete sweat, or persperation.
(Sweat Glands) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Oily substance (secreted from sebaceous glands), prevent dehydration, soften skin & hair, slow growth of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A bacterial inflammation of the sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most numerous type of sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When under stress, these glands produce secretions that are thicker and have a stronger odor than those of the eccrine glands |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Found in epidermis, makes up most of our skin color |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Yellow pigment found in dermis, naturally gives skin of some individuals a yellow tint. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Oxygen-carrying red pigment molecule in the blood. |
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|
Term
| Albinos have pale skin because? |
|
Definition
| Defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin |
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|
Term
| What enzyme converts the tyrosin into melanin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes an increase in melanin productions and why |
|
Definition
the sun uv rays
In order to protect your skin, melanocytes produce more melanin which means youll be darker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of touch receptor located in the skin
found deep in dermis ***sense of pressure*** |
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Term
|
Definition
MOST DANAGEROUS TYPE OF SKIN CANCER
can develop on any part of the body, however the arms, legs and trunk are the most common area of the body. When detected early, it is considered highly treatable.Symptoms include a mole, freckle, or new/existing spot that changes color in size, shape, and color. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common skin cancer
found in face neck hands
Symptoms include a sore that oozes or bleeds, a redness area that is irritated, a yellow or white area that resembles a scar, and a pink pearly bump. |
|
|
Term
Malignant Melanoma 4 warning signs are?
|
|
Definition
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue damage caused by excessive heat that denature proteins to the skin cells |
|
|
Term
| Burns are graded according to their? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only epidermis (no blisters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroys epidermis and part of the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
destroys all 3 layers
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3' burns over 10% of body surface
2' burns over 25% of body surfaces
Any 3' burns on face hands feet or perineum |
|
|
Term
| When a burn exceeds 70% victims? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dermis develops from the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes wrinkles as we age |
|
Definition
| we become older our skin gets thinner, drier and less elastic. |
|
|
Term
| Why does milk have vitamin D added? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D must be present for calcium to be absorbed and used. That's why milk is fortified with Vitamin D |
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