Term
|
Definition
| The smallest unit of living matter |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic tenents of the cell theory? |
|
Definition
| All organisms are made up of cells and that cells come only from preexisting cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it advantagous for cells to be small? |
|
Definition
| A cell needs an adequate surface area large enough to allow nutrients to enter and rid itself of wastes. Small cells, not large cells, are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging wastes for nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 parts of a prokaryotic cells and give a brief function of each. |
|
Definition
Fimbriae -- hair like bristles that allow adhesion to surfaces.
Pilus--enlongated hollow appendage used to transfer DNA to other cells.
Flagellum -- rotating filament that pushes the cell forward.
Glycocalyx -- gel like coating outside the cell wall. If compact it is called a capsul, if diffuse it is a slime layer.
Inclusion bodies -- stored nutrients for later use.
Nucleoid -- location of the bacterial chromosomes
Ribosomes-- sites of protein synthesis.
Plasma Membrane -- sheet that surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates the enterance and exit of molecules
Cell Wall -- Structure that provides support and shapes the cell wall.
Mesosome -- plasma membrane that folds into the cytoplasm and increases surface area. |
|
|
Term
| How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? |
|
Definition
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane covered nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not.
Eukaryotic cells have endoplasmic Recticulum, Golgi appratus, Lysomes and a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic cells do not. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the nucleus, the chlorplast, and the mitochondrionmay have become a part of the eukaryotic cell. p. 64 |
|
Definition
| Invagination of the plasma membrane could have created the nuclear evenlope and an endomembrane system. Mitochondria and chlorlplast could have been independent prokaryotes that took up residence in a eukaryotic cell |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to say that the eukaryotic cell is compartmentalized? p 64-65 |
|
Definition
| Each organell (i.e. ER, Golgi Appratus, etc) is bound by a membrane that keeps the organelles seperated from the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure and function of the nuclear evenlope and the nuclear pores. p 68 |
|
Definition
| The nucleus contains chromatin in a semi-fluid medium called the nucleoplasm. Chromatin is a network of strands that undergoes coiling to form chromosomes. The nucleolus is a dark retion of chromatin wher a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA, (rRNA) is produced. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear has nuclear pores that permits passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between the nucleolus, rRNA, and Ribosomes. p 68-69 |
|
Definition
| The nucleolus is a dark region of chromatin where rRNA is formed. rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes. Ribosomes are small bodies in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. |
|
|
Term
| Name the organelles of the endomembrane system and explain the term. p 70-72 |
|
Definition
| The endomembrane system consits of the nuclear evenlope, the Endoplasmic Reticulum, the Golgi Appratus, and several types of vesicles. This system compartmentalizes the cell sto tht particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions. Vesicles transport molecules from one part of the system to another part. |
|
|
Term
| Trace the path of a protein from the rough ER to the plasma membrane. p 72 |
|
Definition
| Proteins are produced in the rough ER and lipids produced in the smooth ER are carried in transport vesicles to the Golgi appratus wher the are futher modified before being packaged in vesicles that leave the Golgi. The Golgi apparatus sorts proteins and packages them into vesicles that transport them to various cellular destinations. |
|
|
Term
| Give the overall equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration, . |
|
Definition
Photosynthesis --Solar energy + CO2 + Water --yeilds-- carbohydrates + Oxygen
Cellular Respiration -- carbohydrates + Oxygen -- yeilds-- CO2 + water + energy |
|
|
Term
| Descrie the structure and function of chloroplast and mitochondria. How are these two organelles related to one another? |
|
Definition
Chloroplast-- are a type of double membrane plastid in a plant that contains multiple copies of the same DNA. The inner membrane ecloses a large space called the stroma which contains a concentratedmixture of enzymes. Chloroplast have thylakoids which are disk like sacks. A stack of thylakoids is called a grana.
Mitochondria--have two membranes, the outer membrane and the inner membrane. the inner membrane is highly convoluted into cristae that projects into the matrix. the cristae increase teh surface area of the inner membrane. The matrix contain mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
These two organells are related because they are the energy producing organelles of both plants and animals. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three componets of the cytoskeleton. What are their structures and functions. |
|
Definition
Actin filaments --form a dense, complex web just under the plasma membarane which is responsible for movement of the cell and its organelles.
Intermediate Filaments--rope like assembley of fibrous polypeptieds which act as a support.
MICROTUBULES--small hollow cylinders that help maintain the shape of the cell and also act as tracks on which organells move. |
|
|
Term
| Relate the structure of flagella (and cilia) to centroles. |
|
Definition
| Flagellum and cilia have a 9+2 pattern of microtubules. This is nine microtubule doubletts with two cnetra microtubules. Centrols have a 9+0 pattern of micro tubules, This is nine triplets of microtubules with no central micro tubule. It is thought that the centrols give rise to the basal body which controls the flagellum and cilia. |
|
|
Term
| The small size of cells best correlates with: |
|
Definition
| C. an adequate surface area for exchange of materials. |
|
|
Term
| What best distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| D. Prokaryotic cells do not have a memebrane bounded nucleus, but eukaryotes do. |
|
|
Term
Which of these is not found in the nucleus?
A. functioning ribosomes
b. Chromatin that condenses to Chromosomes
C. nucleolus tha tproduce rRNA
D. nucleoplasm
E. all forms of RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vesicles from teh ER most likely are on their way to what organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lysosomes function in?
A.Protein synthesis
B.Processing and Packaging
C.Intracellular digestion
D.lipid synthesis
E.Production of Hydrogen Peroxide |
|
Definition
| C. Intracellular Digestion |
|
|
Term
Mitochondria
A. are involved in cellular respiration
B.brekadown ATP to release energy for cells
C.Contain grana and cristae
D. are present in animal but not plant cells.
E. All are correct. |
|
Definition
| A. Are involved in Cellular Respiration |
|
|
Term
Which organelle releases oxygen?
A. ribosome
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. mitochondrion
D. Chloroplast
E. Smooth ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is not true?
A. Actin Filaments are found in muscle.
B. Microtubules radiate out from the ER
C. Intermediate filamets contain keratin
D. Motor Molecule use Microtubules as tracks. |
|
Definition
| B. Microtubules radiate out from the ER. |
|
|
Term
Cilia and Flagellum
A. have a 9+0 pattern of microtubuals
B. contain myosin that pulls on Actin
C. are organized by basal bodies derived by centrioles
D. are constructed similarly in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. |
|
Definition
| C. Are organized by basal bodies derived from centrioles. |
|
|
Term
Which organelles contain their own DNA
A. golgi
B. mitochondria
C.Chloroplast
D.Ribosomes
E. A & C |
|
Definition
| E. A & C, mitochondria and chloroplast both contain their own DNA |
|
|
Term
Which organell most likely originated by invagination of the plasma membrane
A. mitochondria
B. Flagellum
C. Nucleus
D. Chloroplast
E. All of the Above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Structures are found in a prokarytic cell. |
|
Definition
| A. cell wall, ribosomes, thylakoids, chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
| _____Organell consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages and distributs molecules about or from the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____Especially active in lipid metabolism and always produces H2O2. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ Dark-staining, spherical bodyin the cell nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ Dark-staining, spherical bodyin the cell nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____Allows prokaryotic cells to attach to other cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
