• (WHO) "The One Who is Trusted"
• (WHAT) Left Mecca with his followers in 622 (1st Muslim year) which established Islam in the city of Medina
• (WHEN) 570 AD
• (WHERE) somewhere in Arabia
• (WHY) founder of the muslim/islam religion

(WHAT)Temple

(WHERE) Mecca

(WHO) Hebrew Patricach Abraham

(WHY) held the black stone inside of it/ also it maintains the polythestic gods.

• Fell from Heaven and was contained inside of Kabba which was built by Abraham.

• Islam means "to submit"
• Muslim means "those who submit" 

• presented orally
• work of spiritual teaching of both ethical and social guidance
• later written down to protect it from future corruption.
• Mohammad was challenged to produce miracles as Moses and Jesus had; the response was that the Koran was the miracle

• (WHAT)a mosque Muslims built
• (WHERE)Jerusalem-  on the alleged site that Abraham nearly sacrificed his son.
•  built on ruins of the ancient Jewish Temple (destroyed by the Romans in 70AD)

1. Al-Shahadah- (The Testimony):  “There is only one God, and that God is Allah.” And Muhammad is his Prophet.
2. Al-Salah - (The Prayer):  five times a day, toward Mecca.
3. Al-Siyam- (The Fasting): during Ramadan .
4. Al-Zakat-(The Almsgiving): 2.5% giving to the poor.
5. Al-Hajj -(The Pilgrimage): from Mecca to Medina once in one’s life

• Shi-a
• believe that Mohammad had chosen his son/cousin Ali to succeed him.
• Feel that Ali should have been the 1st caliph and the caliphate should pas down only to direct descendants of Muhhamad via Ali's line of children.
• Sunni
•  believed that Mohammad had called for the people to choose the wisest among the elders to succeed him. (Abu-Akkr being the 1st)
• Sunnis regard Ali as the fourth and last of the "rightly guided caliphs"

• (WHO) Charles I of Spain;a devout Catholic
• (WHAT)  named Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire; headed the Diet of Worms
• (WHEN) 1519
• (WHERE) Holy Roman Empire
• (WHY)      in order to gain the title, he had to make certain political concessions that would prevent him from punishing Luther

• (WHEN)1521
• (WHO)religous legal proceedings
• headed by Charles V
• (WHAT)ordered Luther to recant Protestantism
• when he refused he was banned from the Holy Roman Empire.
• (WHY)the punishment could not be enforced. 

• (WHEN)mid 1500s
• (WHO)led the Protestant movent
• (WHERE)Zurich, Switzerland
• (WHAT)Zwingliism
• (WHY)called for a strict following of the Bible ( not like the Petrine Doctrine) 

• mid 1500s
• Calvanism
• expressed belief in "the elect"/ predestination
• Institutes of the Christian Religion: overall definition of Protestanism. 

• 1555
• the matter of Protestanism vs. Catholicism was left up to the religous rulers. 
• Charles V tried to wipe out Protestantism by force

• (WHEN)1509-1547
• (WHO) part of the Tudor family
• (WHAT)Parliment seperated from the catholic church; established the Anglican church with the King or Queen of Engand at its head.
• (WHERE) England
• (WHY) Pope Clement VII did not approve his divorce

• Katharine of Aragon (Divorced)
• Anne Boleyn (Executed)
•  Jane Seymour (Died)
• Anne of Cleves (Divorced)-Ugly
• Kathryn Howard (Executed)
• Katharine Parr (Widowed)

• (WHEN)1515
• (WHERE)England
• (WHO)One of King Henry VIII close friends/ but later became his enemy.
• (WHAT) Executed for not accept Anne as Queen in 535/wrote Utopia
• (WHY)" I remain the King's servant, but God's first" 

• (WHO)Queen Mary I
• (WHEN)1553-1558
• (WHAT) devout Catholic; returned England to Holy Mother church. Persecution of Protetants
• Married king Phillip II
• no children 

• (WHEN)1558-1603
• (WHO) Queen of England/half sister
• (WHAT) secured Protetantism over much conflict/ defeated the Spanish Armada
• (WHERE) England

•  (WHO) called by Emperor Constantine
• (WHAT) a meeting;Nicea Creed/ Who or what is Jesus?
• (WHEN)325
• (WHERE)Rome
• (WHY) determined one form of Christianity

• (a man or a cup)
• a relic

• (WHEN)1431-1476
• (WHAT)defended Wallachia (modern day Yugoslavia)
• (WHO) Vlad Dracula III/ called "the impalar" 
• (WHERE)

• (WHEN)1118-1307
• (WHO) "The Poor Knights of Jesus Christ"
• (WHAT) Friday April 13th/ Cursed Pope Clement V and French King Phillip the Fair.
• (WHY)Established the 1st banking system and early credit card system.

• spread through the 1340s
• began in China and spread through Asia and Europe
• claimed at least 75 million lives (took out 1/2 of Eurpopeans population)
• returned 300 yrs. later

• (WHO) sold into slavery to Irish Chieftans as a child
• (WHAT) returned to Ireland to convert Irish to Catholosim
• (WHEN) 432
• (WHERE) Ireland
• (WHY) 

• (WHO) King of the Franks
• (WHAT) converts to Catholosism/ Holy War of Conversion
• (WHEN) 498
• (WHERE)
• (WHY) implements the "ordeal" form of determining guilt

• (WHO) Pope Gregory I
• (WHAT) established policy of Purgatory/ set out to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons/ founder of " Gregorian Chant"
• (WHEN) 590-604
• (WHERE)
• (WHY) 

• (WHO) Holy Roman Emperor
• (WHAT) marched into Rome reestablishing Leo III/  Conquered and converted all of Europe
• (WHEN) 732
• (WHERE) Rome
• (WHY) invented the scriptorium

a.      Approximately 996, Bjorn Herjolfsson becomes the 1^st European to see the New World (weeks or months prior to Erik the Red)

• (WHO) Pope Stephen VI used Pope Formosus' corpse
• (WHAT) trial involving corpse getting 3 fingers cut off
• (WHEN) January 897
• (WHERE) Medieval Europe; Rome
• (WHY) Papal vestments torn from body; 3 fingers used to bless

• Muslims, Catholics, Popes, Turks, Christians.
• several attempts made to "liberate" the Holy Land from the Muslims.
• 1096-1272; 9 crusades
• Asia, France, Jerusalem, Europe
• crusades sought to "liberate" the holy land from the Islamic occupiers.
• Muslims succeeded evertime but 6

• social order where Prince is dominant and society is held togeather by trust.
• scutage could be paid; class division.
• 1000-1500
• England
• nobles owed military service; scutage provided mercanies to take nobles place in war.

• (WHO) clergy, nobility, and peasantry
• (WHAT) secular monarchies/ early represenative goverment
• (WHEN) 1000-1300
• (WHERE) England
• (WHY) divided into 3 groups

• (WHO) William the conqueror; King of England and  Vassal of France
• (WHAT)invades and conquers England; defeat Anglo Saxons at the Battle of Hatings
• (WHEN) 1066
• (WHERE) ENGLAND
• (WHY) 

• (WHEN)1215
• (WHO)King John
• From now if the king wants to raise taxes he has to get permission from the people who have to pay the taxes.
•  (WHY)Earliest form of Parliment
• (WHERE) England
• (WHAT) Great Charter

• (WHO) Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism
• (WHAT) fragmented German States (250ish)
• (WHEN) 1152-1800
• (WHERE) Rome
• (WHY) established the Hohenstauffen Dynasty

• (WHO) Edward III of England claims French throne
• (WHAT) England wealthier; becomes war for territory and identity
• (WHEN) 1337-1453
• (WHERE) England
• (WHY) French win

• age 13, heard voices
• called by god to fight for Charles V of France
• 1412-1431
• England and France
• granted sainthood in 1909

• (WHO)Pope Boniface VIII, Pope Clement V, Pope Urban VI, Pope Matin V
• (WHAT) Split between the churches of the East and West
• (WHEN) 1378-1417
• (WHERE) Rome and France
• (WHY) ended when all Popes either abdicated (stepped down) or died; Pope Martin V ended at council of constance.

•    “Italy” merely a collection of competing city-states:

a.       Duchy of Milan

b.      Republics of Florence and Venice

c.       The Papal States

d.      Kingdom of Naples

2.      In Florence( where the Renaissance happens), the De Medici family emerged as the power of the region, acting both as patrons of the arts and power-mad despots

• 1300-1500
• turning point in western thinking and cultural tradition and creation of feudal system.

• 451AD
• Rome, Constanople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.

a.       scholarly study of ancient Greek and Latin writers as well as early Church leaders

b.      liberal arts programs (i.e. rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and ethics)

c.       Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374): Father of Humanism

a.      Da Vinci – Mona Lisa

1.      1452-1519

2.      Artist, sculptor, inventor, all around Renaissance man

3.      Originated ideas of airplanes, helicopters, and submarines.

a.      Michelangelo  – Sistine Chapel

1.      1475-1564

2.      Painter, sculptor ,architect ,poet ,and engineer

Pieta

a.      1364-1430

b.      First Professional Female Writer

c.       Pre-Feminist

d.      Virtuous conduct; compassion for others; acceptance of misfortune

e.       Final work focused on Joan of Arc.

f.        The Book of the City of Ladies (1405)

1.      Past writers had all concluded that all woman were full of vice.

2.      Three crowned ladies: Reason, Rectitude, and Justice

3.      The 3 ladies present stories of women throught history( the first woman’s history)

g.      The Book of the Body Politics (1406)

1.      Designed to both entertain and educated present and future monarchs.

2.      Part 1 : love God, love the good, love justice

3.      Part 2: knights and nobles must pracrice skills at arms, honor, loyalty, and wisdom of warfare

4.      Part 3: common people must work humbly and obedienty.

1.      (1469-1527) – The Prince

a.       Florence

b.      “the end justifies the means.”

c.       Only a leader that is feared will be truly successful.

Father of political science

the printing press (1450)

A.    Rise of Learning + Printing Press + Rise of Secular States = Protestant Reformation in 1517

• liberated the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic Moors. 
• Spain
• 1469

• England (1455-1485) The Wars of the Roses
• Houses of York and Lancaster offspring of King Edward III
• In 1485 Yorkist King Richard III defeated by Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Fields making Tudor, King Henry VII
• Henry’s son and heir, King Henry VIII will lead England away from the Catholic church.

• (WHO) a German monk
• (WHAT) 95 Thesis and nailed it to the Cathedrol
• (WHEN) 1483-1546
• (WHERE) Wittenburg
• (WHY) created the idea of justification of faith alone

• (WHO) formed by Pope Paul III from being pressured by Charles V
• (WHAT)

  1.      banned the selling of Church goods and offices (simony)

  2.      banned the selling of indulgences

  4.      required education and celibacy of all clergy

  5.      reinforced traditional dogma and ceremony

• (WHEN) 1545-1563
• (WHERE) England
• (WHY) strengthened the authority of local bishops/