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| 1. In October 1957 the Soviets launched ___________, the world’s first artificial satellite. |
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| 2. In January 1958 the United States responded by launching its own satellite. Later that year, the U.S. government established the ________________________ to conduct space research. |
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| National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) |
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| 3. As part of his effort, Eisenhower used ______________, or secret, operations to battle communism and protect American corporate interests around the world. |
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| Can you give three examples of the covent tactic explained above? |
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| In 1953, for example the CIA helped overthrow the democratically elected premier of iran. In 1954, the CIA helped organize the removal of the democratically elected president of guatemala. Also in 1960, the democratically elected leader of the democratic republic of the Congo was assassinated with american british help. |
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| 5. The United States has overthrown foreign leaders ____ times in the 110 years between the 1893 coup in Hawaii and the occupation of Iraq in 2003. |
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| 7. The National Security Act of 1946 established the _________________________, which grew out of World War II era Office of Strategic Services and small post-war intelligence organizations. This organization served as America’s _________ agency. |
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| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); spy |
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| 8. 1956, Gamal Abdul __________, president of Egypt, launched into a diatribe against British imperialism. He was about to ___________ the Suez Canal. |
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| Why was the president of Egypt “enraged”? |
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| Nasser was enraged by America's withdrawal of its offer of loans to help pay for the building of a dam on the Nile at Aswan. This project was central to his ambitions to modernize Egypt. The British also withdrew their loan offer. |
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| 10. When the Egyptian president nationalized the Suez Canal, ending foreign ownership of the canal, both British and French policymakers were outraged. The British Prime Minister argued that the canal was Britain's “great imperial lifeline”, especially for… |
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| Why was President Eisenhower skeptical of British bellicosity and how did he stop the invasion? |
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| He disliked British imperialism and had promised to be the “peace president”, thus he wanted to end any potential conflict as early as possible. Also, the British did not ask for American permission. He stopped the IMF from giving loans to Britain. |
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| 12. What was the significance of President Eisenhower’s response to the Suez Crisis? |
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| Eisenhower’s response demonstrated American preeminence, or dominance, after WWII. |
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| 13. The American economy __________ during the 1950s. |
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| 14. Feeling better off than they had during the Depression and World War II, many young Americans were getting married and starting families. This led to a __________, or a significant increase in the number of babies born. |
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| 15. By the end of the 1950s, nearly ___ percent of all American families owned at least one television set. |
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| 16. During the 1950s, on average, American families watched about ___ hours of television a day. |
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| 17. During the 1950s, African American jazz greats ______________ and _______________ became known as the Fathers of Bebop, a complex jazz style often played at a rapid pace. |
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| Charlie Parker; Dizzy Gillespie |
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| 18. Why was the advent of television important for American companies? |
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| It allowed companies to sell products more effectively through advertising. |
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| 19. During the 1950s, musicians like _____________, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, and Little Richard helped _____________ sweep the nation. |
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| Elvis Presley; rock ‘n’ roll |
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| What did popular music of the 1950s have in common with jazz music in the 1920s? |
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| It drew some criticism from some adults. |
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| Explain the Supreme Court case “Plessy v. Ferguson.” |
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| It established the “separate-but-equal” doctrine. This doctrine stated that federal, state, and local governments could allow segregation as long as separate facilities were equal. |
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| 22. What was the significance of “Brown v. Board of Education”? |
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| Segregation became illegal. |
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| 23. In Little Rock, Arkansas, the school board started by integrating one high school. It allowed nine outstanding black students to attend Central High School. These students became known as _______________________. |
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| 24. How did the governor of Arkansas try to prevent the black students from entering Central High School? |
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| He used National Guard troops to block them |
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| 25. For weeks, Governor Faubus refused to allow any black students to attend the school. The tense situation lasted until… |
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| President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the students into the school. |
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| Briefly explain how Rosa Parks became a Civil Rights icon. |
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| She boarded a bus and sat in the front row of the section reserved for white passengers. The driver told Parks and three others to give their seats to white passengers—Parks refused. Parks was taken to jail for violating the law in Alabama. |
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| 27. After Rosa Parks was arrested, thousands of African Americans stopped riding the buses. Bus ridership fell by 70 percent. This became known as the ___________________. |
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| 28. A ______________ is an organized effort to avoid or refuse dealings with an institution to express disapproval. |
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| 29. To lead the actions mentioned above, African American leaders turned to ___________________, a young Baptist minister. |
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| What were two results of the action mentioned in #27? |
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| The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public transportation was illegal. Also, the Montgomery bus boycott helped make Martin Luther King Jr. a nationally known civil rights leader. |
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| 31. Like public schools and buses, many ___________________ in the South were segregated. |
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| Protestors sat in the “whites-only” section of the lunch counter and ordered coffee. They were not served, but they stayed until the store closed. When they were attacked, they did not retaliate. |
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| 33. Explain the strategy used by Martin Luther King and the student protesters. |
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| When they were insulted, threatened, or assaulted, they refused to respond with violence. |
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| 34. Over time, some restaurants and businesses, including Woolworth, began the process of ______________________. |
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