August 1945

Soviet Union...

U.S. & Great Britain invade North Africa, which was controlled by Germany & Italy.

Germans (lack of oil) & Italy lost.

US & GB gain access to oil and Suez Canal.

By October 1943 Italy in Allie hands.

By 1944 most of Italy liberated.

Code Name for Battle of Normandy

June 6, 1944 - D-Day

Allied forces cross English Channel into France.

Misinformation that Allied forces were in Calais.

Liberate Paris 1944.

Germany retreat.

Supreme Coast Commander in Normandy

(German)

Not there for D-day, with wife for her birthday.

Stalin (Germany), Churchill (Britain), & FDR (U.S.) meet to discuss post-war organization.

Terms:

1) Agree to physically invade and occupy Germany.

2) Agree to divide Germany into four zones of occupation, for Britain, France, US, and Soviet Union.

To replace the League of Nations.

Based in Manhattan.

FDR died.

VP Henry Wallace into office throughout WWII.

New Democratic VP.

Has zero foreign policy experience/knowledge.

1) Anti-Soviet - begins aggressive policy against the Soviet Union.

2) Pro-civil rights  - the opposite of what the Democratic party was hoping for.

Potsdam Conference

July 1945

Truman, Stalin, & Clement Attlee

1) Try war criminals

2) Dispose of German military

3) Areas of occupation (same as Yalta).

At this time Truman finds out the Manhattan Project has succeeded (Atomic Bomb). It has been shared with Canada and Great Britain but not the Soviets.

Soviet spies in Los Alamos discover the Atomic Bomb.

1) 1942 Battle of Coral Sea - Saves Australia from possible Japanese invasion.

2) 1942 Battle of Midway - US Aircarriers vs Japanese Aircarriers. Huge American victory.

Hiroshima

August 6, 1945

A military and industrial target.

BOOM! 70,000 gone.

Soviet Union

August 8, 1945

Declare war.

US declines the help.

Nagasaki

August 9, 1945

Another bombing.

Emperor finally surrenders, forgoing the previous condition that Japan be able to keep their emperor.

Churchill

1946 "Iron Curtain" Speech

Greek Civil War

1946 - 1949

1944-45 Greek capitalists vs. Greek communists for control of the government.

1)Britain aids the capitalists until 1946.

2) Britain goes to Truman for help.

3) Truman Doctrine (March 1947) - $400 million to aid Grreks and Turks.

4) With US aid, Greek communists defeated.

Marshall Plan

June 1947

Multi Billion dollar economy aid package for Europe.

Any can apply.

Condition: Allow US to inspect the applicant.

(Approved 1948 after communists gain control of Czech.)

Czech Coup

1948

Was non aligned in 1947 & had a mixed government.

1)Stalin orders Cz. communists to stage an overthrow of the government & to arrest capitalists.

2) Backed by Soviet Union tanks.

Berlin Blockade & Operation Vittles

June 1948

Ber. Bl.:Soviet Union tries to kick Westerners out of Berlin.

Shuts the border to starve out the Westerners.

Op. Vittles:Planes to W.Germany and into W.Berlin to supply the city.

May 1949 - Blockade ends.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1949

Invite W.European nations into a military alliance with the US to defend W.Europe from a possible Soviet attack.

Mao Zedong

1949

Chiang Kai-shek

1949

Chinese nationalist backed by US.

Forced to flee to Taiwan after Mao Zedong.

Along 38th parallel.

Americans in the capitalist South.

Soviets in the communist North.

First Indochina War

1946-1954

French trying to reestablish control.

Ho Chi Minh (Viet nationalist communist) - aided Britain and America in WWII & wanted independence after the war.

1) 1946 Franch bombs Vietnam port & war begins.

2) US and Britain give support to France.

3) Soviets & China supported the rebels.

Result:

1)Vietnamese Communist victory

2)Division of Vietnam into the Communist North and non-Communist South

3)Independence of Laos and Cambodia.

atomic bomb!

(Beginning of the nuclear arms race.)

Nikita Khruschev

1953

Replacement after Stalin's death.

Implements de-Stalinization.

McCarthyism

1950

US going through the Red Scare.

1954 - McCarthy censored by the Senate and exposed as a liar.

elected 1952

starts dialogue with Kruschev 1955

re-elected 1956

Sputnik

launched in...

1957 by Soviets

(Dog in space 1958)

Led to National Defense Act and Education Reform.

Revolution in Cuba

1959

Overthrow of American backed Palovi.

Havanna Doctrine

1960

Bay of Pigs (Disaster)

April 1961

Kennedy authorizes CIA plan in Cuba to train and arm a Cuban exile army.

Castro stops them and thinks US is out to kill him. He sends his brother Raul to Soviet Union for help. 

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962

Soviet Union gives nukes to Cuba.

Aimed at US.

US blockades island.

Soviets remove nukes after Kennedy agrees to never try to overthrow Castro.

Geneva Accords

1954

Divide Vietnam at the 17th parellel.

3 countries - Laos, Cambodia, & Vietnam.

National Liberation Front

 (Viet Cong)

1950s

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964

Result of Vietnamese Navy attacking American Destroyers.

Authorized the president (Lyndon Johnson) to do whatever was necessary to defend US interests in S.E. Asia.

Civil Rights Act

1964

1)outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation.

2) It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations").

Nixon's Use of Power

(2 Things)

1) Détente - open channels of communication with the Soviet Union and China.

2) Linkages - link America's 3 greatest problems together, the Soviets, China, and the Vietnam War.

Nixon's 3 Prong Approach

to get US out of the Vietnam War

1969

1) Institute vietnamization - let Asian boys fight Asian wars; gradually withdraw Am. troops and push Vietnamese soliers.

2) Secret negotations with N.Vietnamese - begin to try to negiotiate end to the war. [Am. 2 main areas of interest: 1) South independent government & 2) Find POWs & MIAs]

3) Widen the war - invade neutral countries and bomb neutral nations; heavy bombing of N.Viet including capital.

1) Nixon authorizes 1969 secret bombing of neutral Cambodia & 1970 invasion.

a) Lon Nol - US puppett in Cambodia; Pol Pot head of left wing Khmerouge - Pot gets control.

2) 1971 Nixon secretly sends Kissinger to China to begin dialogue.

a) Ping Pong Diplomacy

b) talks scare Soviet Unions

c) economic market potential (1970s US in first repression since Depression.)

Soviet Union and Nixon Deals

(4 Things)

1) Allow USS to get out of Vietnam by bombing the north

2)An arms control agreement - both had been burdened by military spending.

3) SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Freezes the number of nukes and controls ABM (Anti-Balistic Missiles) sites to 2 per nation.

4) Trade deal with the Soviets.

"Christmas" Bombing

1972

Paris Peace Accords

1973

Iran Revolution

1979

1)Shah Pahlavi drove out; retreats to US for cancer treatment.

2) Iran wants Shah back to try him.

3) Iran storms US Embassy and takes hostages

4) US send resucuers but they crash.

5) Hostages released 1981

Six-Day War

June 5 - 10, 1967

After a period of high tension between Israel and its neighbors, the war began with Israel launching surprise air strikes against Arab forces.

Outcome:Israeli victory.

(Israel took effective control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria.)

Yom Kippur War

October 1973

Between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

The United States and the Soviet Union, initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers

President Carter's Successes

(2 Things)

1) Got Egyptians and Israelis together @ Camp David. (Egypt- Anwar Sadat; Israel - Menachem Begin)

2) They signed the Camp David Accords:

a) Gave Sinai Peninsula back to Egyptians.

b) Egypt becomes first Arab country to recognize Israel exists.

Afghanistan because of Islamic Fundamentalism.

Carter & Regan support Afghan rebels.

10 years later, Sovs fall & Afghanistan eventually turns into the Taliban & al-Qaeda

Regan in the 1980s

(5 Things)

1) Refutes Nixon's ideas

2)Reintroduces ideology into the Cold War

3) Massive military & nuke build up

4) Project Star Wars

5) Trying to bankrupt the Soviet Union

Mikhail Gorbachev

1985

Sees the Soviet system as failing and alters it.

1)Perestroika - "Restructuring" - introduces market forces & opens borders.

2) Glasnost - "Openness" - dismembers police state; destroys totalitarianism; allows other political powers.

Poland Independence

1980s

1) Labor movement lead by trade union, Solidarity - Lech Walesa - challenged the Polish communist state.

2) Pope John Paul II - aids Solidarity; a symbol for religious freedom.

Velvet Revolution

1989

stalinism to capitalism; nonviolent

Vaclav Havel - President

Tiananment Square

1989

Student movement against Chinese Communism

China put it down... with tanks and ammunition.

Released from prison 1990.

1994 - First black president of South Africa