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| These were small trading posts, set up by the portuguese in portugal and along the coast of Brazil.The men who ran the Feitorias in Latin America often married into Tupi groups to create strong bonds. Therefore, societal ties were complicated and war or unfair trade would cause greater rifts between people and happen less frequently. |
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| Was one of fourteen Donatarios. These were the lands of brazil split into 14 separate sections and given to wealthy “donors” to build up so the crown would not have to spend its own money. Pernambuco was especially successful because of its development of sugarcane as an export crop for the colony. This became one of the main cash crops of the colony, and they used the natives and imported more slaves to harvest the sugarcane to stem to growing demand of sugar in Europe. |
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| These were settlements set up by escaped slaves from the colonies. Often these groups would take in other oppressed slaves and minorities in the colonies and these would literally become fortified hamlets of runaway slaves in Brazil. Settlements of runaway slaves in the interior of Brazil also known as “no man’s land.” Overtime these settlements can become a threatening issue for European settlers, as they became fortified institutions that raided plantations for weapons, booze, clothes, products, and to free more slaves. The largest and most successful was Palmerez which was a miniature African kingdom in the interior of Brazil (at its height it was over 300,000 people). People were born and raised in Palmerez which made it become so large and complex it is ruled over an African style nobility. |
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| This was the cyclical labor obligation of the natives to Spanish mines and other public works during the colonial period. In order for the slaves to continue to occupy their land they were “obligated” to work for the Spanish in order to further their hold in the new world. |
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| These were settlements that were created by the Spanish to which the natives were eventually forcibly moved off their lands to. Regardless of the Mita, the slaves were still forced by the Spanish to move into the reducciones. Settlements of natives into ‘proper’ Spanish towns, made it easier to keep track of the population for labor and tax collecting |
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| A ruler of a native polity, local native leaders who would often represent their communities and their cause. Leaders of reduccions, often do not farm their own farms. |
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| This is what the native people of New Spain referred to their collective general group as. All natives would refer to themselves as Originarios regardless of their tribe or city they hailed from. ‘of the Reducciones and their heirs’, people who have ethnic ties to these villages. They are subject to Mita/tribute, have a voice in the village government and leadership, and gives a right to the land. Because these villages have kept the Andean shared land practices (not individually owned but owned as a collective). |
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| This is what a native who was living in a community of natives that were not of his or her tribe. They were forcibly placed into these villages with tribes that were not theirs. (stranger/foreigner) indigenous people who have decided to leave their home village. They rent land and work it to cover tax burdens, but do not have a right to the land. Technically not subject to the Mita obligation but often falls on them as well. Often become part of the urban population. |
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| The Mapuche are a group which are located in Chile and Argentina. This was a very general term for natives of that area who shared common beliefs, customs, and cultures, but were not of the same tribes. There are native Americans outside and beyond European conquest. They will come to understand, learn, and adopt habits of the Spaniards. They are resistant to the Spanish system. Populations are relatively low throughout the whole of the colonial period they resist Spanish but adopt the horse and lance. |
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| This was the mid-Atlantic shipping route between Africa and the Americas. This was an essential route in the Atlantic Slave Trade. The captives on these ships endured a very unpleasant trip from Africa on this route and often there were shortages of food and water for slaves, as well as disease.boat journey from port in Africa to port in the Americas, ‘dead zone’ on the equator between North and South wind currents across the Atlantic, North Atlantic Slave Trade |
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| This is a long term contract that was granted by the Spanish crown to individuals and companies. It gave these companies a near monopoly of slave trade to the colonies. Monopoly between Habsburg Spain and Slave trade from the Americas and Africa, from early 16th cent to mid 1800s |
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| Was an originally African religious practice which was the ultimate refuge from their captors. The practice of Voodoo, an animistic religion, featured an array of gods and goddesses. Voodoo was the one form of identity many African slaves were able to hold on to. |
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| This is another African based religion which African slaves would practice. This was another way to hold on to the identity that the institution of slavery would often strip from them. This religion is still practiced today and is most popular in Brazil and has over 2 million followers. |
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| This is another religion, it is considered to be an afro-caribbean religion. It is melding of caribbean and African religions, with some Catholic elements thrown in. The religion stemmed out of the Slave Trade in Cuba, growing from there through slave populations in the region. |
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| The Cimarron were enslaved africans in Panama that had escaped from their former Spanish masters in the colonies. The Cimarron lived as outlaws of the Spanish Crown. They are known for allying with Sir Francis Drake of England to defeat the Spanish conquest in the region. Drake describes them as almost their own nation, with their own leaders. |
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| Fighting between Paulistas (colonial people) and Portuguese who came for gold, fighting and claim jumping (taking over panning areas by the river), lasted over 5 years |
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| ‘mining zone’ set up by intervening Portuguese government in the War of Emboabas to organize and moderate “area with gold”, region of central Brazil where the 1707 chaotic and violent gold rush occurred |
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| These were 17th century Portuguese settlers in Brazil. They were much like the conquistadors of Spain, fortune hunter and adventurers. Most of their activity was centered in the Sao Paulo RegionSlave raiders from Sao Paulo and other areas in southern Brazil that would lead expeditions into the interior with the goal of capturing either natives or africans, both groups that had to flee into the interior. |
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| An alcoholic beverage made from fermented sap. It has been produced even before the Spanish settled the New World and is a staple of central Mexico. The drink was extremely popular until the arrival of beer, which slowly made this indigenous staple decline in popularity. |
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| These were cowboys of a wide variety of ethnicities. This included both natives and mixed people.Originally cow hunters on the Pampas of Argentina, men who would make their earnings by killing and collecting the hides and meat of wild cows that lived outside of Buenos Aires. As the land in the pampas became privatized, the Gauchos would become more like employed ranch hands, or cowboys. |
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| The War of Spanish Succession |
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| The war the broke out in 1700 after Charles II died without an heir to the throne. Many made claims to the throne. This is considered to be the first world war as it has theatres all over Europe and was the first European war to have theatres in the New World. This ended the dominance of Spain in Europe and the great Hapsburg dynasty. The Result is the splitting of the Spanish Empire between the Dutch and England. What Was left of Spain was give to Philip, Duke of Anjou. Known as Philip V of Spain |
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| Repartimento de Mercanicas |
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| This system came into effect in 1550 in New Spain. It was basically a system of forced labor where Indians had to work for the local land owners for a certain amount of weeks a year, where they weren't paid. The Indians were supposed to be grateful for this. The work the Indians did was both public and private. It replaced the encomienda system of 1512 |
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| Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru II) |
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| Mestizos, but claims that he's nobility on both sides. A proud individual who is quechua speaking and leader of the town of Tinta (a caguana). He owns mule trains (very wealthy). He is feeling a lot of economic pressure. Orders the community to seize the corridor, puts him on trial and executes him. This is not okay, a violation of royal power and privilege. Puts him in rebellion against the spanish crown. This is the spark for the rebellion. Late 1780 and will continue into 1781. word spread throughout other andean indigenous populations and catches fire. Assisted in this rebellion by his wife. Andeans emphasize the complementary duality of marriages. Within traditional communities, women often occupy important positions as equals. His wife is Micaela Bastidas she recruits people and supplies, uses family connections. She might be a better commander than her husband. Siege of Cusco is broken up. They will both be captured and put on trial by spanish in may 1781. Both executed. She has to watch of family being executed before she is and then in front of her 12 year old son. But this is not the end of the rebellion. Other leaders arise. When the creole elite is given the option of independence they say no because of the rebellions. |
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| These were rebellions against Spanish rule in New Spain by the natives led by Tupac Katari. He raised an army of some 40,000 natives and marched on the city of La Paz in 1781. The siege of the city lasted 184 days and resulted in the execution of Tupac Katari |
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| Known as the the black Napoleon, Toussaint was a military genius and leader of the only successful slave rebellion in colonial history. He was took control of the Island but the French sent forces to recapture it. He was captured and killed in France, but the revolution continued under his Lt. who led them to victory. Was originally a slave in Haiti to a master who treated him well. He was educated and could read and write in French. He was familiar with Enlightenment ideas of the French Revolution. In 1791 when revolt broke out in Haiti he escorted his master to safety and declares himself a free man and joins the revolting slaves. He helps fight against the French by making contact with Spanish subjects and is able to get guns and leads the rebellion against the French with fighting and quickly rises through the ranks of power. After the French Revolution becomes more radical, they abolish slavery and say that all former slaves are now French citizens. At this point Toussaint abandons the Spanish and goes to the new governor of France and says he is willing to join the French since that is all he wanted. |
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| This was a war fought by Napoleon (French) and the allied powers of Britain and Portugal. The war was fought in Southern France |
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| Bolivar was born an Aristocratic Creole, and one of the wealthiest landowning families of Caracas. Lived on a huge chocolate plantation that he inherited from his parents at the age of 9. He would be raised by his Uncles and inherit all of his family's wealth. In 1799 he goes to Spain and meets his future wife and marries her at 20 y/o. At 21 she dies and he returns to Europe and uses his bachelor status and parties and seduces women. In Europe he experiences different political leaders, ideas and beliefs like Napoleon. He returns home and as the revolutions for independence began. He used his money to buy himself into a position of power as an ambassador. He was eventually accused of being a dictator himself, like Napoleon. |
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| The Spanish Colonial founding of this city was led by Francisco Pizzaro. The city was at the frontier of a constant Inca rebellion to Spanish rule. The city grew and was renamed several times until it was named Ayacucho, after the battle fought with that name.This is considered to be the Final battle for Independence that took place in 1824 in Peru between the Royalist Spanish forces and the people of Latin America. The army involved in this battle was Bolivar's army but it was led by Sucre. It included smaller armies and smaller units of fighting over a vast landscape in the Americas. With this victory over the Spaniards, the republics of South America were freed from their control. Calvary is used during this battle. |
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| Mine located in Bajio, the economic heart of Mexico. The shafts went over 550 yards into the mountains. Dynamite and animal powered pumps were very common. At its peak it produced 71% of Guanajuato’s silver, Guanajuato’s silver produced about 60% of the world's silver. |
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| Native American group that adopted European horses. They made themselves dominant in the Matto Grosse (sp?) grasslands. Over the 1700s they will be grounded through fighting and disease, but it’s not easy. They killed about 4000 Portuguese subjects. |
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| Military Right. The idea that military personnel answer to a military tribunal rather than regular courts.Military right. The idea that military personnel answer to a military tribunal rather than the regular courts. South American military officials and militia members answered to their own form of justice lead to the thought that military personnel are above the common folks. The rights of the military emerged as the local militias were instituted by the Bourbons as a means to control the citizens. |
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