Term
| When did behaviorism end? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did behaviorism end (2 reasons)? |
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Definition
MIT conference--talked about beginning to study thinking
Cognitive revolution (see other card) |
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Term
| How was the cognitive revolution possible? |
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Definition
Behaviorism doesn't answer everything (Children language learning)
Computers analogized to the mind |
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Term
| What parts of children's language learning disproved behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Overregularizing--the past tense phrase gets applied to everything, even when they've never heard anyone say that word and are never reinforced for it |
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Term
| How can computers become an analogy to the mind? |
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Definition
| Develop a theory about how the human mind works, make the computer your model, if the computer and people say the same thing, you're right |
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Term
| Explain Atkinon and Shiffrin's Information Processing model |
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Definition
| Input->Sensory Memory (5)->filter->pattern recognition-> filter->working memory->filter-> LTM |
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Term
| What is the central executive in the information processing model? |
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Definition
| It is what is needed to decide what gets filtered out and what gets kept. |
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Term
| What did psychology borrow from neuroscience in the '70's? |
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Definition
| PET, CAT, mRI, etc. We could "see" the brain. The subtraction method--when you do a small thing, brain lights up, do more complicated, detract the light up from the smaller. |
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Term
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Definition
| When part of the brain is active, usings more blood and glucose. Uses radioactivity. |
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Term
| What did McClellan and Rumelhart contribute to neuroscience and psychology in 1986? |
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Definition
| A 2 vol book set, talking about parallel distribution processing, aka connectionism. |
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Term
| What model did McCellan and Rumelhart propose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the connectionist model? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are connectionist models tested? |
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Definition
| Through computer models--they need to be neuronally possible. |
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Term
| Please explain the connectionist perspective. |
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Definition
| Each group of similar items (names, jobs, books, etc) belongs to a cloud. These all have activity, all the time. They are also connected to important aspects. Aka UofI is connected to Nick, Joe's and pizza. When I think of UofI, it inhibits ISU and SIUE, and then activates Nick, which inhibits Mike and Ryan, and Nick activates that pizza spot. |
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Term
| What arethe 5 properties of connectionism? |
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Definition
1) Retrieve charicteristics given a name.
2) Retrieve a name given partial information.
3) Small error in input isn't fatal.
4) Category generalization
5) Accounts for learning |
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Term
| 1 property of the connectionism model is that it can retrieve characteristics given a name. Give an example. |
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Definition
| What is Nick's college? U of I. |
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Term
| One characteristic of the connectionism model is that it can retrieve a name given partial information. Give an example. |
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Definition
| Who's that friend of yours with brown hair? Nick? Ya. |
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Term
| One characteristic of the connectionism model is that a small error isn't fatal. Give an example. |
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Definition
| Whos that short guy you hang out with with blonde hair? Huh? You mean Nick? He's brunnette. |
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Term
| One characteristic of connectionism is that you can generalize categories. |
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Definition
| What are people from U of I like? They drink a lot, smart, dress well (even though I've never been told this). |
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Term
| One property of the connectionism model is that it accounts for learning. Give an example. |
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Definition
| The first time I'm asked this, I probably won't get it right. But then I'll be given feedback, and a small change (delta) will be made in my connections. By the 100th time I'm asked this question, I should know. |
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Term
| What is the delta rule in the connectionism model? |
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Definition
| Delta compares the output with the feedback and everytime slightly strengthens connections w/ right answer and weakens connections w/ wrong answers. |
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Term
| What does the connectionism model says learning is all about? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the main difference between IPM and Connectionism in what gets stored? |
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Definition
| IPM=central executive, Connectionist=>input creates output automatically |
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Term
| What do parallel and distributive mean in the connectionist model? |
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Definition
Parallel=>simultaneous
Distributive=>Nick is distributed--there is not a Nick spot, but rather multiple spots that describe Nick |
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Term
| What are plus sides of IPModel and Connectionism? |
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Definition
IPM=>more conveniently separate
Connectionist=>appears to be more like the actual brain |
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Term
| What PET scan study supported the delta rule? |
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Definition
| They learned video game, :-/ at beginning, experts at the end. By the end, there was less brain activity (aka the stornger connections were inhibiting that other ones) |
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Term
| What does the delta rule not account for? |
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Definition
| When you remember something after just one trial. It doesn't work mathematically if it goes too quick. |
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Term
| What are the three pattern recognition models? |
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Definition
| Template, feature and structural/Gestalt |
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Term
| What is the template model of pattern recognition? |
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Definition
| The pattern you have in your head is whole, not the sum of its parts. |
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Term
| What are the downfalls for the template model of pattern recogition? |
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Definition
| How in the world would they all fit in your head?! Plus, if you flip something upside down, you still recognize it. And if someone writes an A a weird way, you can still go, oh, that's an A. |
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Term
| What is the feature model of pattern recognition? |
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Definition
| You have a list of features to make up a whole in your head. |
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Term
| What are the downfalls of the feature model of pattern recognition? |
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Definition
Different A's don't have the same features, and T and L have the same features.
How did this ever become a theory? |
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Term
| What is the accepted model of pattern recognition? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 Gestalt principles? |
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Definition
| Proximity, similarity, good continuation and closure |
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Term
| What is the proximity principle? |
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Definition
| II II II II You will see the two I's next to each other as pairs. |
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Term
| What is the similarity model? |
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Definition
I I You see rows not columns.
O O |
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Term
| What is the rule of good continuation? |
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Definition
| X you assume that each line is one piece, not that top and bottom are pieces. |
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Term
| What is the principle of Closure? |
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Definition
| When two circles overlap you always assume the one on the bottom continues. |
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Term
| Why is the Gestalt model better than the other two models? |
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Definition
| It doesn't only account for mental representations, but also how they should be organized. |
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Term
| What was the bird/antelope example? |
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Definition
| You saw birds if the information in the background was more conducive, and antelopes if vice verse. We group facial feature together. |
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Term
| What are Biederman's geons? |
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Definition
| We use basic shapes to group together pictures in the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of mental effort. |
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Term
| What did Simons and Chabris' study with the basketball do? |
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Definition
| Gorilla--when you were told to look at black shirts 83% notice, compared to only 42% of the white shirt group..they were convinced there could not have been a gorilla, because they were paying attention. |
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Term
| What theory did Simons and Chabris gorilla study propogate? |
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Definition
| Inattentional blindness--you treat the gorilla as if you're blind to it because you aren't attending to it. |
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Term
| What way do they test filter models of attention? |
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Definition
| Dichotic listening tasks--shadow what you hear out of one ear. |
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Term
| What did early researchers on filter models think? |
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Definition
| There was a filter that happened and you really could only listen to one ear at a time. None of the unattended ear gets through. |
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Term
| What disproves the filter models? |
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Definition
| Cocktail party effect and if one ear says dog six fleas and another says eight scratch two you say dog scratch fleas. |
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Term
| What is the multiple resource model of attention? |
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Definition
| We have a certain capacity to pay attention that can be split up and divided. |
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Term
| What was Kahneman's Attention and Effort in 1973? |
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Definition
| It showed the upside down U curve of attention capacity and how attention is allocated. |
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Term
| What was Kahneman's upside down U of attention capacity? |
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Definition
| If you are too much or too little aroused your attn. capacity goes down. Optimal in the middle. |
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Term
| How does Kahneman suggest memory is allocated? |
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Definition
| Momentary intentions (what you're currently doing) and enduring dispositions (constant over time) |
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Term
| What are some examples of enduring dispositions? |
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Definition
Alternating pattern of light/dark
Bright color different from background
Sudden loud noises
rapid changes in loudness or pitch |
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Term
| What did Strayer and Johnson do in 2001 for cell phones? |
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Definition
| Examined if handheld phones were safer than hands on phones in a Ford Victoria simulator. One condition just listened to the radio. |
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Term
| What were Strayer and Johnson's DV's in their 2001 cell phone study? |
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Definition
| Reaction time to red light, missing red lights and tracking errors (swerving out of your lane) |
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Term
| What was Strayer and Johnson's First experiment? |
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Definition
Four conditions--handheld phone/handsfree/radio/nothing.
The handson and handsfree did not differ and the radio and nothing were the same, but the two groups differed sig from each other. |
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Term
| What was Strayer and Johnson's 2nd experiment? |
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Definition
| Handheld phone for shadowing, handheld word generation (get one word, reply) and control. Shadowing=control. Word generation differed sig from these. Cell phones are bad to drive with because your attn. goes to the conversation. |
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Term
| What are some reasons phones are worse than person in car? |
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Definition
| Phones don't transmit the full range of voice and you can see the person in the car. They can tell you whats going on and stop talking if there's gonna be an accident. Dashboard phones may make things better. |
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Term
| What did Strayer and Drews study show about cell phones and memory? |
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Definition
| Drivers on phones dont remember stuff as well as controls (traffic signs/pedestrians)--even if their eyes are fixated on it. |
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Term
| How do states respond to this cell phone crapola? |
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Definition
| 5 states ban cell phones--primary, can be pulled over simply for cell phone. secondary, have to do something else 1st. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main principles of automatic processing? |
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Definition
1) It can occur w/o the subjests intention
2) It can occur w/o the subjects awareness
3) It does not require a lot of attn. capacit, so you can use your resources for other tasks. |
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Term
| What is controlled processing? |
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Definition
| The opposite of automatic--if it is capable of becoming automatic, it does so through practice. |
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Term
| What is an example of doing an automatic task w/o intention? |
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Definition
| Drive the same route every day--1 day decide to do errand, but forget and keep going home. |
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Term
| What is an example of doing an automatic process without awareness? |
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Definition
| Driving familiar route w/o remembering, using turn signals w/o thinking, small movements to keep car in lane, locking door everyday. |
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Term
| What kind of processing is multitasking indicitive of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats an example of multitasking due to automatic processing? |
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Definition
| When you 1st drive you can't function, but now you can do a lot of things. |
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Term
| What was Shiffrin and Schneider's visual search task? |
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Definition
| Gave a certain number of letters and said search for one (target)--the others were distractors. Looked at reaction time and sometimes targets became distractors, sometimes no. |
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Term
| What were the results from Schriffrin's visual search task study? |
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Definition
| When targets became distractors and vice versa the task never became automatic--slow RT (400ms)and felt hard to P's--but when targets did not become distractors nor v.versa it became auto after 100s of trials--fast RT (80ms)and felt easy. |
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Term
| What was Anne Treisman's study on feature integration theory? |
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Definition
| P's looked at stimuli on screen, pressed button if they saw feature/target. 1 condition--find something blue (a feature). Another--find a blue x (an object). Feature was automatic, object was not. |
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Term
| How did Anne Treisman know that finding a feature was automatic and finding an object wasn't? |
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Definition
| When they needed to find a feature the display size didn't matter for RT, but for objects the RT^ as display size ^. |
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Term
| What's an illusory conjunction? |
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Definition
| Show people quick glance at a screen to find an object and they can tell you what colors and shapes are present, but not how they go together. |
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Term
| When are illusory conjunctions less likely to happen? |
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Definition
| When you can use your prior knowledge to determine what's going on. (Top down) |
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Term
| What are the different types of processing? |
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Definition
| Top down--drawing inferences, using prior knowledge
Bottom up--using your senses and the info you get from them to figure out what's going on |
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Term
| What are the 3 processes of memory? |
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Definition
Encoding-putting info in
Retrieval-getting info out
Storage-whats going on in memory when you aren't thinking of it |
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Term
| What are the 3 different ways of retrieval? |
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Definition
Recall--freely tell me what you remember
Recognition--multiple choice
Cued recall--Gives subject some kind of hint--short answer |
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Term
| What are the 3 main features of Working memory? |
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Definition
Limited in duration
Limited in capacity
Where you actively hold info you're working on |
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Term
| What did Peterson and peterson show happens to working memory if you don't rehearse? |
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Definition
| They gave them 3 letters, then counted back by 3's for a while (3,6,9,12,15,18s) OUTLOUD.
3sec-75% chance of remembering, 18sec--.08% chance of remembering |
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Term
| Where in the world does the info in your memory go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who did the memory experiment with rugby players? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Baddeley & Hitchs study on memory? |
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Definition
P's=Rugby players
Studied retroactive interference
When there were more games between the game they recalled and the attempt to remember they recalled less. |
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Term
| What was the proactive interference experiment? |
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Definition
As number of trials increase, probablity of recall decreases because he doesn't know if he's thinking of current #'s or old ones. If you switch over to letters on next trial, performance jumps up (release) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When did George Miller write his article about the Magical # 7? |
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Definition
| When the whole McCarthy communism issue was occuring. |
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Term
| What was Baddeley and Hitch's memory model? |
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Definition
| Articulatory rehearsal loop--When the central executive wasn't doing things with memories, you subvocally rehearse them, they go into the phonological buffer, your mechanisms read the buffer, you cognitively do stuff, then send it back around. |
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Term
| So what is the articulatory rehearsal loop doing? |
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Definition
| Info comes into WM, then goes on a loop to be rehearsed, then Central executive relaunches. |
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Term
| What data supports the articulatory rehearsal loop? |
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Definition
| Errors are more likely to sound alike--B mistook for V, F for S. Not visually similar It's easier to retain short words than long words |
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Term
| What is the serial position curve? |
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Definition
| A u-shaped function--when recalling a list you remember the first few items, huge drop off in middle, then the last few items. |
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Term
| Compare primacy effect against the recency effect. |
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Definition
The primacy effect--you rehearse 1st words more and they are rehearsed with fewer words for a little while--transfers to LTM.
Recency--still in W.M.--nothing has kicked them out. |
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Term
| If you were a political candidate, when would you DEFINITELY not want to go? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Tulving's theory of LTM? |
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Definition
| Episodic vs semantic vs procedural |
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Term
| How does a PET scan support differences between episodic and semantic? |
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Definition
Episodic--anterior cortex lights up
Semantic--posterior cortex lights up |
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Term
| What shows that procedural memory is an aspect in and of itself? |
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Definition
| They are relatively immune to dementia and damage--episodic are at the highest risk. |
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Term
| What is the sequence of memory loss in Alzheimer's? |
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Definition
| First goes episodic (esp. recent), then goes semantic. Sometimes they remember you, but not that you were there yesterday. Procedural goes last. |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry Molasion of CT, had severe epilepsy (perhaps from biking accident in childhood). So Scoville removed his hippocampus, bcus it would only affect smell. He couldn't encode any new information (episodic or semantic) except procedural. |
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Term
| Explain relationship between H.M. and procedural memory. |
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Definition
| He got better at drawing the mirror image of an object when his hand could only be seen in the mirror--even though he couldn't remember ever doing it and thought he couldn't. |
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Term
| What are 3 ways to define context? |
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Definition
The physical environment around you
The subjects internal state
Other information presented with the target |
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Term
| What did Godden & Baddeley's study show about the physical environment context? |
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Definition
| Scuba divers listened to words either underwater or on land and then recalled either underwater or on land. L/L and UW/UW did better. When you encode info, you subconsciously encode other info with it |
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Term
| What did Eich et al's study show about the internal state of context? |
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Definition
| P's encoded info high or sober, and then recalled high or sober. If intoxicated while studying, did better if intoxicated while recalling. However, sober p's did better throughout. |
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Term
| What did Thompson and Tulving's study show about other info presented w/ target as context? |
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Definition
| P's given word pairs such as Blow-Cold (weak semantic meaning 1st condition for recall given blow and told to recall other word 2nd condition given ice and told to recall other word 1st condition did better. Encoding specificity principle |
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Term
| What is the encodin specificity principle? |
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Definition
| The best cue is the one used during encoding, even if its weak semantically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Your knowledge about some common situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A schema about an event with ordered components--going to a restaurant. |
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Term
| Where do schema's come from? |
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Definition
| Experiences--children develop these after 1st exposure. This is restricted to the culture you're in. |
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Term
| What did Bransford and Johnson's study show about encoding with schemas? |
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Definition
| They wrote "balloon passages" that were hard to follow. They either gave people no context (picture), context before, or context after. Context before did sig better than context after and contol. You need an appropriate schema before you can encode. |
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Term
| What did Raskin say about jokes and schemas? |
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Definition
| Said first they activate a schema, and then make you laugh by violating that schema--punchline causes you to activate 2nd schema that violates the first one. |
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Term
| What did Anderson and Pichert study to show how schemas are retrieved? |
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Definition
| Gave P's stories about boys hanging out while cutting school. Cond 1: Homebuyers schema, Cond 2: Burglar Schema Read story, attempt recall--remembered details according to schema Then randomly reassigned to groups, non switchers recalled 3% less, switchers recalled 7% more!--1st schema plus 2nd schema. |
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Term
| What book did Bartlett write, and what was it about? |
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Definition
| Remembering, during Dark Ages. We use top down when trying to remember things--find part of memory, and then reconstruct with our schemas. |
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Term
| What experiment did Bartlett do to show we used top-down to process memories? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did War of the Ghosts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was War of the Ghosts? Who did Bartlett give it to? |
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Definition
| A folktale created by Native Americans. Bartlett gave it to Brits. |
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Term
| What were the results of the War of the Ghosts experiment? |
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Definition
| P's omit unfamiliar words or switch them for another more cultural word. eg. Canoe=>Boat. Distorted part of the story=>If part of the story is hard to understand, they make up reasons that make sense and put them in the story Shows we have schemas for stories. |
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Term
| What research did Brewer and Treyens do on schemas in 1981? |
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Definition
| A Psych 101 student went to office with GA--GA left them for 1 min, then took them to another room. "Remember as accurately as you can what you saw in the room." Most reported objects were consistent with GA office schema, 1/3 subjects reported seeing books that didn't exist |
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Term
| How do schemas relate to the connectionist model? |
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Definition
| Long term memories are organized by meaning. |
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|
Term
| What event did Brown and Kulik study when looking at flashbulb memories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors important to creating flashbulb memories? |
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Definition
| Important event to the subject. Strong emotion Surprising |
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Term
| What are things people are good at reporting for flashbulbs? |
|
Definition
| How, where and when they ehard the news. What they were doing before, who they were with, what their 1st thoughts were. |
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Term
| What study looked at links between emotion and flashbulb memories? |
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Definition
| Earthquake in Cali--group that lived near earthquake more likely to develop than group in GA. |
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Term
| What studies looked at links between surprise and flashbulb memories? |
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Definition
| One asked about Bush's decision to start bombing a country. People already expected it, no surprise, no FB memories. Asked British people about random, surpriing resignition of Thatcher, some people developed FB memories. |
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Term
| What study looked at accuracy of FB memories? |
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Definition
| Talarico and Rubin in 2005--asked about 9/11 and one every day event on 9/12, 9/18, six weeks after and 32 weeks after. Over time both memories got less accurate (20%less@32wks), but confidence of 9/11 memory stayed higher. |
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|
Term
| Why might people be confident about memories when they are not accurate? |
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Definition
Rehearsal
Source confusion--you know you remember, you just forget where you got the info from. |
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|
Term
| What is the weapon focus effect? |
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Definition
| People are more likely to focus on a weapon of a perpetrator than the perpetrator. |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the weapon focus effect is due to unusualness rather than dangerousness? |
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Definition
| Only High unusual objects create it--high threat and lo unusual does not. |
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|
Term
| How terrified are non-victim witnesses? |
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Definition
| Not so much--when a robber tried to rob a gun store and they ran into the street shooting, the people around were not that terrified. |
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|
Term
| Who is the QUEEN of eyewitness memory research? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Elizabeth Loftus do? |
|
Definition
| She launched a line of research examining postevent information and found that memory was altered by question wording, news, etc |
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Term
| What was Elizabeth Loftus' car study? |
|
Definition
| P's watched a video where a car hit something. They were given a questionnaire and either asked how fast car was going when it passed a barn, or not. When later asked to describe video, 25% of grp 1 reported a non-existent barn. |
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Term
| Why would Elizabeth Loftus' P's report a non-existent barn? |
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Definition
Someone told them about a barn, don't know source, so think its from movie
They want to please the researcher (demand effect)
Don't have any idea about barn or no, but they know ?air asked, so they report it |
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|
Term
| What are source errors in police line-ups? |
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Definition
| Police show mug shots before line-up--in one study people falsely identified suspect in 20% of sample. Uh Ohs. |
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Term
| What was a huge problematic case involving showing mug shots before line-up? |
|
Definition
| Ronald Cotton--Accussed of sexual assault of Jenny Thompson, spent 11 yrs in jail. Then cleared by DNA, now close friends. |
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|
Term
| What are the two common ways of presenting a lineup to victims? |
|
Definition
| In a photo 6 pack or live (6 or 7) |
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|
Term
| What do you call it when the guilty person is in the line-up? |
|
Definition
| Target present line-up (versus target absent) |
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|
Term
| What do you call the distracting people in a line-up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can affect picking someone out of a line-up? |
|
Definition
| Words told to victim--DO IT!!! or It's really important you help us out. Should say "The actual guilty person may or may not be here. |
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|
Term
| Whats the best way to do a photo line up? |
|
Definition
| Sequentially, with more than 6 people. This calls for an absolute judgement, not the best judgment. Foils should look like the description the witness gives, not the suspect. |
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Term
| What was one case Loftus reported on? |
|
Definition
| 17 year old was raped by a guy with a certain car--arrested Steve Titus because he had the car--Showed girl 6 pack and said do it bitch, pick him out. Poor Titus got convicted, but then a reported came and found the real guy. |
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Term
| If a suspect has higher confidence, does this mean they are more accurate? |
|
Definition
| Nope. It depends more on witnessing conditions (good vs bad) |
|
|
Term
| What has DNA contributed to old law cases? |
|
Definition
| Of the 1st 40 overturned with DNA, 30 of them had been convicted mainly due to witness testimony. 8 of them were on death row. Some states deny DNA tests to those that ever confessed. |
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|
Term
| What's up with childhood amnesia? |
|
Definition
| Drop off around 3 yrs--Avg age of 1st memory, 3.5 years. Range 2-8 years. |
|
|
Term
| What are issues with childhood amnesia methods? |
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Definition
| Self-report, no way to verify, how do you know how old you were? |
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Term
| What does Freud say about childhood amnesia? |
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Definition
| Childhood so painful you repress memories so you don't ever have to think of them again. |
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Term
| What do real people say about Frued's view of Childhood amnesia? |
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Definition
| If we repress memories cus their painful, why are our earliest memories usually the painful ones and not the happy ones? |
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Term
| What do neurologists say about childhod amnesia? |
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Definition
| Maybe your synapses aren't fully formed so you can't form LTM's. |
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Term
| What do pessimists say about neurologists views of childhood amnesia? |
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Definition
| Tiny kids keep memories for 3 months, so they have to be going into LTM. AKA, swear words. |
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Term
| What does Katherine Nelson say about childhood amnesia? |
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Definition
| A child learns to form LTM in the narrative form before they can be decoded by us later on. |
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