Term
| What general areas of the brain are associated with the meaningful processing of events? |
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Definition
Left Prefrontal area - verbal material
Right Prefrontal area - visual material |
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Term
| What general areas of the brain are associated with representing concepts? |
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Definition
| Posterior regions, different ones processing different kinds of concepts (occipital, parietal, temporal) |
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Term
| Wanner (1968) - What were the key elements of this study which examined memory for verbal information? |
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Definition
Study of memory for sentences
Warned vs. unwarned subjects
Recall for changes in meaning vs. style |
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Term
| Did study subjects have better memory for meaning when they have been warned that they will be asked to remember? |
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Definition
Participants have similar recall for meaning whether they have been warned or not.
(Wanner 1968) |
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Term
| Memory is better for changes in wording that affect __________ as opposed to ________. |
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Definition
Memory is better for changes in wording that affect meaning than for changes that affect style.
(Wanner 1968) |
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Term
| When we process verbal information, what do we typically remember? |
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Definition
| When we process verbal information We do not typically remember the exact wording of linguistic messages. We extract the gist. |
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Term
| Shepard's study participants had a higher rate of errors when attempting to recall __________ vs. __________. |
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Definition
Subjects had higher rate of errors in the sentence condition than in the picture condition (nearly perfect). (Shepard 1967)
(Other study - 10K pictures, 17% accurate) |
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Term
| Pictures shown in the Mandler and Ritchey (1977) study that had superficial changes, in style only, are called _________. |
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Definition
token distracters
show visual details irrelevant to the interpretation of the picture
Rejected 60% of the time. |
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Term
| Pictures shown in the Mandler and Ritchey (1977) study that had more meaningful changes are called _________ distractors. |
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Definition
type distracters
show details more central to the way the picture might be interpreted, i.e. what subject is being taught in a classroom.
Rejected 94% of the time. |
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Term
| Subjects are more sensitive to ________-significant changes in a picture than to ________ changes. |
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Definition
Subjects are sensitive to meaning-significant changes in a picture.
Meaning more important than style
People do not remember an exact picture, but an interpretation of it. |
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Term
Bower, Karlin, and Dueck (1975)
Hint: Dru.... |
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Definition
Subjects study “droodles”
2 conditions: An explanation of their meaning is, or is not, provided. Test: Redraw pictures from memory
[image] |
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Term
| People’s good memory for pictures is tied to their ______________ of these pictures |
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Definition
| Subjects given verbal labels for a droodle are better able to recall the pictures than those who do not get a verbal label People’s good memory for pictures is tied to their interpretation of these pictures |
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Term
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
Retention of Detail versus Meaning
Perceptual domain (Gernsbacher, 1985)
Study structure - orientation of pictures,
and test delay
Results?
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Definition
Identify which picture you studied from a pair of identical pictures flipped horizontally.
- Manipulate right-left orientation
- Subjects quickly lose accuracy for orientation but retain high accuracy for meaning.
- Study-test delay
- People encode much perceptual detail at the beginning but it decays very rapidly
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Term
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
Retention of Detail versus Meaning
Perceptual domain (Gernsbacher, 1985)
Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events Retention of Detail versus
Meaning Verbal domain (Anderson, 1974) |
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Definition
| Memory for detail (verbal and visual) is available initially but is forgotten rapidly, whereas memory for meaning is retained. |
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Term
Implications of Good Memory for Meaning:
If material's not meaningful, what should you do with it to help people remember? |
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Definition
| For better memory, convert less meaningful material into more meaningful one. Employ mnemonic techniques. |
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Term
| Theory of Propositional Representations |
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Definition
| In psychology, theory of how knowledge is represented, specifically linguistically, in an attempt to be more precise about meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as a separate assertion; i.e. smallest unit/fact that one can judge as being true or false. (Declarative) |
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Term
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Definition
Sentence
Lincoln, who was president of the US during a bitter war, freed the slaves.
Propositions
Lincoln was president of the US during a war.
The war was bitter.
Lincoln freed the slaves. |
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