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Definition
| the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can act within it and achieve our goals |
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Term
| Cognitive Psychology Is ... ? |
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Definition
The study of the mind. The mind controls:
perception
attention
memory
problem solving
decision making
reasoning
language |
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Definition
| the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can act within it and achieve our goals. |
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| Donders - what did he do? |
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Definition
donders was interested in how long it takes to make a decision.
- mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant behavior.
- mental chronometry: measuring how long a cognitive process takes
- reaction-time (RT) experiment: measures interval between stimulus and reaction time.
- Choice RT - Simple RT = Time to make a decision
- choice reaction-time: making a choice before reacting
- simple reaction time: reacting immediately to stimulus
- Assumptions of Donder's Subtractive Logic:
- mental operations occur in discrete stages
- stages are independent
- processing stages can be isolated
- each stage takes time to complete
- can/add delete stages
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Definition
EXPERIMENT:
used nonsense syllables to determine # of reps necessary to repeat the list without them). Shorter interval = fewer reps it took to learn
-he used a savings method: [(initial repititions) - (relearning repitions)/initial repitions] x 100 to calcluate his results.
- his forgetting curve showed savings as a function of retention intervals.
Associationism: how can events or ideas becomes associated in the mind?
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Term
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Definition
Approach:
Structuralism: What are the elementary contents (structures) of the human mind?
according to structuralism, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elemtns of experience in the structuralists called sensations
Method:
Analytic introspection: a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
Criticisms:
- extremely variable results from person to person
-results difficult to verfiy
-invisible inner mental process
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Definition
| - his textbook is "Principles of Psychology" (the huge book) |
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Definition
Founds Behaviorism
behaviorism: what is the relation between behavior and environment?
(directly study the reaction)
1920: "Little Albert" experiment
- classical conditioning of fear: a month old became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat.
behavoir can be analyzed without reference to the mind. |
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Definition
[Classical Conditioning]
experiment: paired ringing bell with the presentation of food |
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Definition
Interested in determining relationship between stimulus and response
Developed the ideas of operant conditioning and shaping behavior.
operant conditioning: focused on how behaior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers. / the rewarding of a partial behavior or a random act that approaches the desired behavior.
- shapes behavior by rewards/punishment
- rewards = repetition of behavior
- punishment = less of behavior
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Definition
(was actually one of the first cognitive psychologists because he used behavior to infer mental processes (but thought he was a behavioralist))
Experiment: rat explores the maze, learns to turn right to obtain food, when placed in a different starting position, the rat understands to turn left *they had developed a cognitive map* this did NOT support behaviorism hypotheses. |
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Information-processing approach |
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Definition
| a way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer. |
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Term
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Definition
Dichotic listening: the procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear.
- participants were only able to focus on the message they were shadowing. |
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Definition
Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus
Unattended information does not pass through the filter
"bottleneck" filter. |
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Definition
measures relationship between stimuli behavoir
- it's subjective
EX/ "go faster"
Muller and Pilzecker had participants learn two lists of words
independent variable: one group learned the second list immediately after the first
dependent variable: other groups had a 6-min delay
- memory recall for the first list of words?
Performance for list 1 recall was worse for the "immediate" group (because there was less time for consolidation)
Gais et al studied the effect of sleep on memory consolidation
independent variable: one group learned a list of words shortly before going to sleep, and another group learned it many hours before going to sleep
dependent variable: memory (forgetting) the list of words whcih was measured two day later
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Definition
measures the relationship physiology and behavior
-harder to influence/control than behavior approach
EX/ pupil size
Gais et al : the effect of sleep on memory consolidation
- brain activity at encoding and retieval
- measured using brain imaging (fMRI)
reults: foudning differential brain activity between the two groups |
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