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| the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior |
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| A precise definition that specifies exactly how researchers will measure a concept. |
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| The use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by stimuli. |
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| The branch of computer science that seeks too explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that exhibit "intelligent" behavior. |
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| The field that examines how cognitive process can be explained by the structure and function of the brain. |
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| The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes the influence of concepts, expectations, and memory. |
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| The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes the importance of information from the stimuli registered on sensory receptors. |
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| A type of information processing in which many signals are handled at the same time, as opposed to serial processing. |
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| perceiving something as a whole, associated with processing in the right hemisphere. Impairments with this function are often seen with prosopagnosia. * |
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| the ability to distribute one's attention and simultaneously engage in two or more activities* |
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| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus* |
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| The brief, immediate memory for material that is currently being processed; a portion of working memory also coordinates ongoing mental activities; working memory was previously called short-term memory. |
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| People's memory for events that happened to them; the memories describe episodes in life. |
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| The area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of words and sentences. |
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| The basic unit of spoken language. |
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| The social rules that underlie language use. Pragmatics forces on how speakers successfully communicate messages to their audience. |
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| The grammatical rules that govern how words can be organized into sentences. |
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| Long passages of spoken and written language; language units that are larger than a sentence. |
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| The use of strategies to reach a goal in which the solution is not immediately obvious because obstacles are blocking the path. |
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| A general problem-solving strategy that typically produces a correct solution. |
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| A phenomenon in which the outcome of a decision is influenced by either of two factors: 1) the background context of the choice or 2) the way in which a question is worded (framed). |
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Overgeneralization - Incorrectly concluding
that your research conclusion(s) applies to
more than it does.
Selective observation - Choosing to look only
at things that are in accordance with our
preferences or beliefs.
Inaccurate observation
- E.g., thinking that 5 people are standing on a
street when there are actually 7* |
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| What are word boundaries and what does the research show? ( chpt2) |
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| Hearing a conversation in an unfamiliar language and it seems the words run together in a continuous stream, with no boundaries of silence to seperate them, |
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| What are the different types of bilingualism? (chpt10) |
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Bilingual=a person who in everyday life uses two languages
Multiligual= refer to some who uses more than two languages.
Simlutaneous bilingualism= learning two languages at the same time.
Sequential bilengualism= has a native/first language and a nonnative/second language |
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| Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition? |
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| We use cognition when we store, transform, and use knowledge. |
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| Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in elderly adults. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper? |
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| Their ability to remember people’s names |
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| According to the introductory chapter in your textbook, the influence of cognitive psychology |
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| has extended to areas outside psychology, such as political science |
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| Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points? |
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| Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured. |
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| Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses. |
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| The identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli is known as |
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| According to the gestalt psychology approach to visual perception, |
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| we tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli. |
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| The feature-analysis models |
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| state that we differentiate among stimuli in terms of a limited number of specific characteristics. |
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| Neuroscience research has been conducted on the response of individual neurons to lines that have different orientations. The results of this research are most compatible with the _______________ approach to object recognition. |
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| According to your textbook's introduction to Chapter 3, attention |
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| uses both top-down and bottom-up processing. |
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| Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research about using a cell phone and paying attention while driving? |
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| María Luisa: “If the traffic is heavy, talking on a hands-free cell phone can distract your attention.” |
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| Suppose that students at your college are participating in a dichotic listening task. Which of the following groups of students would be most likely to notice their names in the irrelevant message? |
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| students with low working-memory capacity |
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| Imagine that your friend Pete has an intense fear of spiders. If he tries the emotional Stroop test, he would be most likely to |
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| report the ink color slowly if the words were related to spiders. |
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| Suppose that you are looking for a dark-colored car in a row of parked cars. Eleven of them are light colored, and one is dark colored. The dark-colored car seems to pop out. In this example, |
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| you are using bottom-up processing. |
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| Suppose that you are balancing your checkbook, and you are adding up five 2-digit numbers in your head. As you begin to calculate the final sum, you feel that you've reached the limits of your memory. This strain can be traced to |
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| the difficulty of keeping all this material in your working memory. |
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| Suppose that a professor asks the students in her class to say their names out loud (one at a time) on the first day of class. Then she asks them to write down as many of their classmates’ names as they can recall. Then she constructs a graph that shows “Number of correct responses” on the Y-axis and “Serial position of the name” on the X-axis. The shape of the graph |
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| will be a U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items. |
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| Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley's theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called |
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| How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory? |
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| It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed. |
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| Which of the following students has the best understanding of the concept “release from proactive interference”? |
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| Tara: “As you learn a series of stimuli from the same category, memory will become less accurate; if you switch to a new category, memory will improve.” |
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| Which of the following statements about episodic and semantic memory is correct? |
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| Episodic memory stores information about events in our lives. |
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| According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of |
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| Suppose you really want to remember the name of a Toronto restaurant called "Prego." You therefore think about how prego means please in Italian, and you also think about the brand name of a popular spaghetti sauce. According to the levels-of-processing approach, you would probably recall this word correctly because you learned it by emphasizing |
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| What can we conclude about the research on the encoding specificity principle? |
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| Context effects can sometimes be demonstrated, but the effect is relatively weak in laboratory research. |
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| Research on expertise in memory indicates that |
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| experts are usually accurate in reconstructing missing parts of information from material that they partially remember. |
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| The term metacognition refers to |
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| our thoughts and knowledge about our cognitive processes. |
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| If you used the multimodal approach to memory improvement, you would be most likely to |
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| pay attention to your physical and mental condition, as well as working on a variety of mnemonic devices |
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| According to research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, |
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| you can guess the number of syllables and the first letter of the target word with considerable accuracy. |
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| How does mental imagery compare with perception? |
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| Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing. |
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| Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about analog codes and propositional codes for mental images? |
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| Qing: “An analog code emphasizes the physical resemblance between a visual stimulus and a mental image.” |
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| Suppose that you and a group of other students want to conduct a study on mental rotation, using photographs of human faces. You find that people take longer to rotate a mental image, as the size of the rotation increases. Which approach do your data support? |
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| Suppose that you read in a cognitive psychology journal that an experiment's results could be explained by demand characteristics. An example of these demand characteristics might be that |
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| the participants may have guessed the experimenter's hypothesis. |
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| Suppose that you are trying to draw a map showing part of the city or region you live in. Your map is likely to |
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| show curves that are more symmetrical than they really are. |
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| Suppose that on your college campus Building A is east of Building B, but they aren't exactly in a straight row; one is 15 feet north of the other. The students' cognitive maps show them in a straight row, however. A likely explanation for this effect is |
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| The spatial framework model emphasizes that people are typically most accurate when judging |
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| the above-below dimension |
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| The exemplar approach to concepts suggests that our categories are based on |
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| less typical items, as well as highly typical items. |
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| You have learned that if you want to combine a noun such as girl with a verb such as run, the noun precedes the verb, and you must add an s to form girl runs. The rules that govern this kind of procedure are known as |
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| The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that |
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| speakers use language skillfully, which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message. |
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| Imagine that you are reading a short story about two students named Chris and Freddie. As you read this story, you find that you are trying to figure out why Chris is avoiding Freddie, and how Freddie must feel about this avoidance. These cognitive efforts would be most consistent with which of the following views of reading? |
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| Which of the following statements about language production is correct? |
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| It is easier to conduct research on language comprehension than on language production. |
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| Suppose that you are telling a story. According to the research on narratives, |
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| the organization of this kind of discourse generally has a fairly clear structure. |
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| The cognitive model of writing proposes that the central executive plays an important role when we write. Specifically, the central executive |
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| integrates information from different components of working memory. |
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| Suppose that an elementary teacher has two classes, one monolingual and the other bilingual—though their other characteristics are similar. The bilingual class is more likely to |
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| have a better understanding of the structure of their first language. |
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| Suppose you have a 22-year-old friend who came to North America from Korea when he was 14 and then began to learn English. If |
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| he will eventually master English grammar as well as a Korean speaker who learned English as a 10-year-old child as long as they both have the same amount of U.S. education. |
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| In problem solving, the term obstacles refers to |
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| restrictions that are encountered in problem solving. |
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| Suppose that you have an assignment to write a review of the literature on a topic in cognitive psychology. If you used means-ends analysis, you would begin by |
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| breaking the problem into parts (e.g., select a topic, locate resources, etc.) and then solve each part. |
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| Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college, then she must take statistics. Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics. Therefore, Mary is not a psychology major. What kind of problem is this? |
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| conditional reasoning problem |
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| Heuristics in decision making |
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| may become a liability when they are applied inappropriately. |
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| A family has three children, all of whom are boys. Everyone predicts that their next child will be a girl. Which heuristic does this demonstrate? |
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| When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they frequently |
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| pay too much attention to the likelihood ratio. |
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| Dr. Anna Smith is a psychiatrist. She just heard about someone who had a bad reaction to a medication. She knows that this medication has worked well with many of her clients who have experienced depression. With respect to decision-making heuristics, she should be concerned that her future decisions about this medication might be influenced by |
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| the tendency for recency to influence availability. |
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| A friend tells you that drama majors tend to be extremely disorganized. However, when you actually make a tally of 10 friends who are drama majors and 20 friends who are not, you find no relationship. Your friend's error was an example of |
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| The research on the framing effect suggests that |
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| we are influenced by the wording of a question and the background information. |
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