The second stage of psychosexual development, when pleasure is derived from re- taining and expelling feces.

An elaborate explana- tion of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

The biological and psycho- logical aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

A feeling of impending doom that results from repressed feelings, memories, de- sires, and experiences emerging to the surface of awareness. From a psychoanalytic perspective, there are three kinds of anxiety: reality, neurotic, and moral anxiety.

The images of universal experi- ences contained in the collective unconscious.

An anonymous stance assumed by classical psychoanalysts aimed at fostering transference.

A disorder characterized by instability, irritability, self- destructive acts, impulsivity, and extreme mood shifts. Such people lack a sense of their own identity and do not have a deep understanding of others.

An adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic theory and therapy aimed at treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit.

The traditional (Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on a long-term exploration of past conflicts, many of which are unconscious, and an extensive pro- cess of working through early wounds.

From a Jungian per- spective, the deepest level of the psyche that con- tains an accumulation of inherited experiences.

An ego-defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations.

Newer formu- lations of psychoanalytic theory that share some core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but with different applications of techniques; exten- sions and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.

The therapist’s uncon- scious emotional responses to a client that are likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved conflicts of the therapist that are projected onto the client.

According to Erikson, a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress. At these turning points, we can either resolve our conflicts or fail to master the developmental task.

As an ego defense, this may in- volve individuals identifying themselves with successful causes in the hope that they will be seen as worthwhile.

A developmental challenge, oc- curring during adolescence, whereby the person seeks to establish a stable view of self and to de- fine a place in life.

The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.

A technique used to explore the meanings of free association, dreams, resis- tances, and transference feelings.

A process of taking in the values and standards of others.

A period of psychosexual devel- opment, following the phallic stage, that is rela- tively calm before the storm of adolescence.

Our hidden, symbolic, and un- conscious motives, wishes, and fears.

The instinctual drives of the id and the source of psychic energy; Freudian notion of the life instincts.

Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race.

Refers to a range of procedures, such as an analyst’s ano- nymity, regularity, and consistency of meetings, as a structure for therapy.

The dream as it appears to the dreamer.

The fear of one’s own con- science; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something con- trary to their moral code.

A process whereby group members develop intense feelings for cer- tain others in a group; an individual may “see” in others some significant figure such as a parent, life-partner, ex-lover, or boss.

Extreme self-love, as opposed to love of others. A narcissistic personality is char- acterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude to- ward others, which hides a poor self-concept.

Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

A Freudian concept that refers to a tendency of individuals to harbor an uncon- scious wish to die or hurt themselves or others; accounts for the aggressive drive.

In denial there is an effort to suppress unpleasant reality. It consists of coping with anxiety by “closing our eyes” to the existence of anxiety-producing reality.

A blend of cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic tech- niques that generally involves a minimum of one year of treatment.

An ego-defense mechanism that entails redirection of some emotion from a real source to a substitute person or object.

A technique for uncovering unconscious material and giving clients insight into some of their unresolved problems. Thera- pists participate with clients in exploring dreams and in interpreting possible meanings.

The process by which the latent content of a dream is transformed into the less threatening manifest content.

The part of the personality that is the media- tor between external reality and inner demands.

Intrapsychic pro- cesses that operate unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety- producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

The psychosocial approach of Erik Erikson, which emphasizes the develop- ment of the ego or self at various stages of life.

The condition of being arrested, or “stuck,” at one level of psychosexual develop- ment.

A primary technique, con- sisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbal- ization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious conflicts.

The final stage of psychosexual development, usually attained at adolescence, in which heterosexual interests and activities are generally predominant.

The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis.

A theory stating that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do some- thing for which one will be punished.

Interpersonal relation- ships as they are represented intrapsychically.

Interpersonal relationships as they are represented intrapsychically.

A newer version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on pre- dictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to an expand- ing awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation and individuation, culminating in a state of integration.

The initial phase of psychosexual development, during which the mouth is the pri- mary source of gratification; a time when the in- fant is learning to trust or mistrust the world.

The mask we wear, or public face we present, as a way to protect ourselves.

The third phase of psychosexual development, during which the child gains maxi- mum gratification through direct experience with the genitals.

The idea that the id is driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

An ego-defense mechanism that involves attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to others.

Psychoana- lytically oriented psychotherapy involves a short- ening and simplifying of the lengthy process of psychoanalysis.

The interplay of opposing forces and intrapsychic conflicts that provide a basis for understanding human motivation.

The Freudian chronolog- ical phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gain- ing sensual and sexual gratification.

Erikson’s turning points, from infancy through old age. Each presents psychological and social tasks that must be mas- tered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.

An ego-defense mechanism whereby we attempt to justify our behavior by imputing logical motives to it.

A Jungian archetype representing thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.

An ego defense that involves di- verting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that are socially acceptable.

That aspect of personality that rep- resents one’s moral training. It strives for perfec- tion, not pleasure.

Through this form of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, clients gain a sense of what it is like to in- teract more fully and flexibly within the therapy situation. They are helped to apply to the outside world what they are learning in the office.

The client’s unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from the cli- ent’s past.

The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early rela- tionship to other important people in a person’s present environment.

That aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses expe- riences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state as a protection against anxiety.

A process of resolving basic conflicts that are manifested in the client’s rela- tionship with the therapist; achieved by the rep- etition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.

A defense against a threatening impulse, involving actively express- ing the opposite impulse.

The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is pro- portionate to the degree of real threat.

The idea that the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.

An ego-defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a less mature form of behavior as a way of coping with ex- treme stress.

An analytic model based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. The inter- personal analyst assumes that countertransfer- ence is a source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

A model that characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist in which countertransference pro- vides an important source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

The ego-defense mechanism whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feel- ings are excluded from awareness.

The client’s reluctance to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been repressed.

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.