Term
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Definition
tasks that produce a fact or item from memory
Ex. fill in the blak tests or essay questions |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of recall tasks? |
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Definition
Serial Recall- recall items in the exact order they were presented
Free Recall- recall items in any order you choose
Cued Recall- you are show pairs of words, but then during recall you are given a word and you must recall its pair |
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Term
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Definition
where you select an item you previously learned
EX. choose an answer choice. a. b. c. d. |
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Term
| What is explicity memory? |
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Definition
| Consciously recalling information |
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Term
| What are the two types of explicit memory? |
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Definition
Semantic Memory- stores general world knowledge
Episodic Memory- stores personally experienced events or episodes. also use this when learning lists of words or need to recall something at a particular time |
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Term
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Definition
| unconsciously drawing information from memory |
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Term
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Definition
a subtype of nondeclarative memory
Ex. riding a bike or driving a car |
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Term
| What does the 3 Store Model consist of? |
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Definition
Sensory store (sensory memory)
short store (short term memory)
long-term store (long term memory) |
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Term
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Definition
(apart of the sensory store/memory)
a discrete visual sensory that holds info for a very short time period.
EX- "writing" your name with a lighted sparkler in the air at night. you can briefly "see" your name although the sparkler leaves no physical trace |
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Term
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Definition
holds memories for seconds and even minutes.
also regulates the flow of info to and from the long term store/memory
about seven items give or take can be held in short term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that says with us for long periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| participants are to report part of what they have seen |
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Term
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Definition
| participants are to report every symbol they have seen |
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Term
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Definition
| the very long-term storage if information, such as knowledge of a foreign language. permastore can even occur for info that you have passively learned (ex. street name you lived on as a kid) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe loss of explicit memory. impairs explicit memory |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of amnesia? |
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Definition
Retrograde Amnesia- you cant remember events immediately prior to the concussive episode.
Infantile Amnesia- cant recall events that happened when we were very young
Anterograde amnesia- the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event |
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Term
| What does the serial position curve represent? |
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Definition
| It shows that people often remember items at the beginning and end of a list and forget the items in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
auditory presentation shows recency but visual doesnt
in visual presentation, iconic memory of the last item is gone quickly (poor recall)
in the auditory presentation, echoic memory of the last item is still present when subject tries to report it (good recall) |
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Term
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Definition
its when a cue reports the end of the presentation; either verbally or symbolically.
Ex. you will be read a list of numbers. one group is will get the thumbs up to let them know the list is finished. the other group with get "thumbs up" verbally to let them know the list is done. The suffix effect says that those who get the verbal thumbs up will not recall as much as those who got the actual thumbs up because the verbal word acts like a mast and wipes out the last words in the list. |
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Term
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Definition
target item is compared to all items at the same time.
Ex. i tell you to think of a number. you choose 8. i then list five numbers and then AFTER I list them all, you tell me if i got your number
answer yes/no AFTER all guesses have been used. |
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Term
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Definition
target item is compared after each item.
Ex. i ask you to think of a number and tell you i will say five numbers, but after EACH one, you will answer yes or no to let me know if i got your number. so i say the first number, you say yes or no. i say the second number you say yes or no. if i get it right no the third time, we stop.
answer yes/no after each guess. stop guessing if you get it right before turns are out |
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Term
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Definition
target item is compared to each item one after the other
Ex. you have a number, i guess five times. you say if im right or wrong after each guess. if i get the number for ex. on the third try, i still use my last two trys. if i dont get the number at all, that is fine too
answer yes/no after each guess. keep asking if you get it right before turns are out. |
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Term
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Definition
where the reaction time is the same for the person answering yes or no to a target
(linear graph running horizontal..flat) |
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Term
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Definition
| show that response time would increase linearly as a function of where a test digit was located in the set. the later the position, the longer the response time. (linear graph running at positve slope. yes and no lines start at same point then increase with different slopes) |
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Term
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Definition
the reaction time increases with set size.
(linear graph running at a positive slope. yes and no lines are parallel) |
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Term
| What were the two tasks/responses Brooks(1968) create? |
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Definition
| visuo-spatial and phonological |
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Term
| True or False: Sternberg's study suggests the existence of a "controller" that tells other systems what to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brook's study suggests seperate systems that deal specifically with _________ and verbal information, respectively |
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Definition
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Term
| Baddley(1986) put who's ideas together to create a model of Working Memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of working memory? |
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Definition
its what you are currently thinking. what youre aware your thinking of.
its an exension of STM and has a rapid forgetting rate. |
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Term
| What two components does the phonological loop contain? |
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Definition
-Articulatory Control Process (ACP) wwhich converts non-speech info into speech code.
-phonological store (PS) |
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Term
Here is random info about the Phonological Loop
The phonological loop (or "articulatory loop") as a whole deals with sound or phonological information. It consists of two parts: a short-term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an articulatory rehearsal component (sometimes called the articulatory loop) that can revive the memory traces.
Any auditory verbal information is assumed to enter automatically into the phonological store. Visually presented language can be transformed into phonological code by silent articulation and thereby be encoded into the phonological store. This transformation is facilitated by the articulatory control process. The phonological store acts as an 'inner ear', remembering speech sounds in their temporal order, whilst the articulatory process acts as an 'inner voice' and repeats the series of words (or other speech elements) on a loop to prevent them from decaying |
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Definition
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Term
| Memory of a list of items that sound the same is worse because... |
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Definition
| similar sounding items interfere with each other. |
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Term
| Word length effect according to the phonological loop? |
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Definition
| it suggests that what matters is the time required to say the word, not the length of the word |
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Term
| Irrelevant speech effect? |
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Definition
| the question of if background sound affect memory? (study with classical music if you need something) |
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Term
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Definition
to remember something in many contexts, study in many contexts
ex. studing in your room, bus, library, etc
to remember something in single context, study in the same context
ex. classroom |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages in Memory Processing? |
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Definition
-Encoding: how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation in memory.
-Storage: how you retain encoded information in memory.
- Retrieval: how you gain access to information stored in memory |
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Term
| Which is more likely to decay faster? Visual or acoustic encoding? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two forms of encoding and how do they encode info? |
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Definition
Short-Term Storage
-Encoding info for temporary storage and use
STM is encoded acoustically
-We seem to encode presented letters by how they sound, not by how they look
Long-Term Storage
-Info stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily semantically encoded. It is encoded by the meaning of the words instead of the sound of the words like short-term memory. |
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Term
| What are the two types of Non-declarative Memory |
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Definition
| Priming and Habituation (both decay quickly), and procedural memory (ex. tying a shoe). Procedural memory is maintained more readily as a result of repeated practice. |
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Term
| Consolidation and reconsolidation |
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Definition
| consolidation makes memories less likely to undergo ether interference (something gets in the way of you remembering. you think of something else.) or decay (the gradual disappearance of the memory trace. its just been so long that you have started to forget). After memory is called back into consciousness, it may return to more unstable state where reconsolidating will then come and take place. Reconsolidating has the same effect that consolidation does but is complete on previously encoded info |
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Term
| Mnemonic Devices defintion. What are all of the kinds? |
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Definition
specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
-categorical clusters: organize a list of items into categories
ex.fruits, veggies, meats
-interactive images: objects represented by words you have to remember by interacting with each other.
ex- remember sock, apples, and scissors. you imagine cutting with scissors a sock that has an apple stuffed in it.
-pegword system: associating each word with a word on previously memorized list and forms interactive images between the two.
ex- one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree…
-method of loci: visually walking around an area with landmarks and linking the landmarks to specific items to be remembered.
-acronyms: make a word or expression where the letters stand for something. Ex. in music you have the notes E G B D and F, so you remember it with "Every Good Boy Does Fine" |
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Term
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Definition
| Availability: the presence of information stored in long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Accessibility: the degree to which we can gain access to the available info. |
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Term
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Definition
| activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to be remembered material. |
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Term
Recency vs Primary Effect
What graph describes this relationship? |
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Definition
-Recency Effect: refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
-Primacy Effect: refers to superior recall of words at and hear the beginning of the list.
These two effects are described in the serial-position curve where it describes that one remembers items at the beginning and end of lists they are asked to recall |
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Term
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Definition
1.Transience- memory fades quickly. Ex. you remember OJ Simpson was arrested but you don't remember who told you
2. Absent-Mindedness-Ex. enter a room looking for something only to discover that they have forgotten what they were seeking
3. Blocking- when you know you're suppose to remember something, but you just cant remember it. you see someone and you cant remember their names. or you were suppose to do something and cant remember
4. Misattribution- Ex. cant remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read.
5. Suggestibility- if its suggested to someone they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it.
6. Bias- Ex. people currently experiencing chronic pain are more likely to remember pain in the past, whether or not they actually experienced it.
7. Persistence- Ex. someone with many success but one notable failure may remember the single failure better than the many successes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if recall the assassination of JFK. 9/11, etc. The emotional intensity of an experience may enhance the likelihood that we will recall the experience. |
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Term
| What are the three Concepts? |
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Definition
Defintions
prototyes
exemplars |
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Term
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Definition
| how to describe something |
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Term
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Definition
something that sets the tone for the concept. its what a lot of the examples match up to look like
other prototype ex- birds, shoes, dogs, chairs
ex. a coffee cup. you have a general idea in your head of what it is, and just because another coffee cup looks a bit different doesnt mean its not one just cause it doesnt looke exactly the same as the prototype. |
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Term
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Definition
| the many examples of a concept |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning underlying a particular relationship among constructs. a combination of concepts(ideas). we think in propositions! |
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Term
| How do we mentally represent knowledge? |
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Definition
concepts(prototypes, exemplars)
propositions
mental images, maps |
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Term
| When we see an image, how do we represent the info in the image? |
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Definition
analog: copy of image in head and we can retrieve it
symbology: convert to propositions/concepts |
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Term
| True or False: Mental images are ONLY propositions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 200–500 milliseconds after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation, or memorisation, is an example of sensory memory. |
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