§  A theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it related to the initial encoding of an item

·         How we encode a stimulus determines how it is stored in memory. What is stored in memory determines which retrieval cues are effective. 

§  Memory that is improved when people are tested under conditions that re-create their mood when they learned the material

§  Encoding material in a manner related to how the material will be used later.

·         Emphasizes that the value of a particular learning strategy is relative to a particular goal.

o   Implies that the effectiveness of learning can only be determined relative to the testing situation. 

§  Encoding material in a manner that is helpful for its later use in solving problems. 

§  Encoding material in a manner that emphasizes factual knowledge without emphasizing its application

§  The number of verbal associations generated for a concept

§  The attended part of the visual buffer in Kosslyn’s model

§  Measurement of blood flow to localize where cognitive operations occur in the brain

§  Extent to which a concept can be represented by a picture

§  A diagnostic technique that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the duration of brain waves during mental tasks

§  An imagined event or image believed to be real. 

§  Ease with which a concept can be imagined

§  Discrimination between actual and imagined events

§  Knowledge of spatial relations that may be stored as images

§  Knowledge expressed by language

§  Usually measured by vocabulary questions or questions that test comprehension of written material

§  A component of Kosslyn’s model in which a generated visual image in maintained in short-term memory

§  Failure to respond to visual stimulation on the side of the visual field that is opposite a brain lesion

§  A task that requires deciding whether an item is an example of a concept, where concepts are typically defined by logical rules

§  A rule based on logical relations, such as conjunctive, conditional, and biconditional rules

§  A rule that uses the logical relation or to relate stimulus attributes, such as small or square

§  A rule that uses the logical relation and to relate stimulus attributes such as small and square

§  A concept identification task in which people are told the relevant attributes (such as small, square) but have to discover the logical rule

·         People have to learn the correct logical rule when they are told the relevant attributes

§  A concept identification task in which people are told the logical rule (such as conjunctive) but have to discover the relevant attributes

§  An attribute that can take on any value along a dimension

§  An organizing strategy in which larger categories are partitioned into smaller categories

§  A measure of how well a category member represents that category

§  A large category at the top of a hierarchy, such as furniture, tools and vehicles

§  An intermediate category in the middle of the hierarchy, such as table, saw, and truck

·         According to Rasch, this is the most important level because basic-level categories are the most differentiated from one another, and they are therefore the first categories we learn and the most important in language

§  A small category at the bottom of the hierarchy, such as lamp table, jigsaw, and pickup truck

§  An item that typifies the members in a category and is used to represent the category.

§  Progressive deterioration of knowledge about words and objects

§  A measure of how frequently the attributes of a category member are shared by other members of the category

·         The family resemblance score is obtained by adding together the numerical scores of all attributes possessed by that member.

v  A category whose members are selected to satisfy a specific goal

o   Example: going camping you would take—tent, water, flashlight, food, etc.

§  All of these are derived from completely different groups for the most part.

·         The rank order would not be very highly correlated with family resemblance

o   Tent would have very different attributes than a flashlight

§  An attribute value that relates to the goal of the goal-derived category 

§  An attribute value believed to be representative of social categories

§  A classification strategy that selects the category containing an item most similar to the classified item.

·         In the experiment, you would see which category contains the best match to the faces being tested.

§  A classification strategy that selects the category containing items having the greatest average similarity to the classified item

·         This strategy takes a lot of effort to do.

§  A classification strategy that selects the category whose prototype is the most similar to the classified item

§  A classification strategy that selects the category having the most feature matches with the classified item.

§  Proposes that patterns are categorized by comparing their similarity to category examples

§  A theory proposing that semantic information is organized in long-term memory by linking concepts to related concepts

§  A theoretical construct proposing that activation spreads from a concept in a semantic network to activate related concepts

§  The format for representing concepts in a semantic network

§  The format for representing relations in a semantic network  

o   A model proposing that items are categorized by matching the item’s features to category features

o   Assumes that instances are classified by comparing the features, or attributes, of the two nouns representing the member and the category.

o   A model proposing that items are categorized by using the hierarchical relations specified in a semantic network

§  The finding that the more typical members of a category are classified more quickly than the less typical category members

§  A feature that is usually present in members of that category, but is not necessary.

§  A feature that is necessary to be a member of that category

§  The finding that members of smaller categories are classified more quickly than members of larger categories

o   A model that accounts for response times by formulating assumptions about how activation spreads in a semantic network.

o   Representative of semantic network models in its emphasis on concepts joined together by links that show relationships between concepts.

§  A general knowledge structure that provides a framework for organizing clusters of knowledge

§  Knowledge about the most likely values for the attributes of a schema

§  Knowledge about what occurs during routine activities

·         What we know about the sequence of events that make up such routine activities