Term
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Definition
1. Client behavior
2. Referral context
3. Testing environment
4. Appropriateness of tests and norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistical significance + base rate below 9% |
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Term
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Definition
all base rates are greater than or equal to 9%
- clinically similar |
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Term
| If base rate for statistically significant difference between VCI & PRI is <9% |
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Definition
Neither GAI or FSIQ represents indices
** Use VCI & PRI separately |
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Term
| When reporting strengths and weaknesses... |
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Definition
| report statistical significance/base rates, relative (within person), absolute (relative to pop) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Verbal comprehension subtests (3) |
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Definition
1. vocabulary
2. information
3. similarities
* Comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
1. Digit span
2. Arithmetic
* letter-number sequencing |
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Term
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Definition
1. Block design
2. Matrix reasoning
3. Visual puzzles
* Picture weights, picture completion |
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Term
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Definition
1. Coding
2. Symbol search
* Cancellation |
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Term
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Definition
Only uses VCI and PRI
- removes working memory and processing speed |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on total performance |
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Term
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Definition
Understanding and expression of vocabulary
- "tell the meaning of some words"
- words known > elegance
* Reflects:
- learning ability
- fund of general info
- general range of ideas
* best single measure of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| General information acquired |
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Term
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Definition
"how are these two things alike?"
Abstract verbal reasoning involving
- previous learning
- verbal comprehension
- associative thinking
- ability to perceive and verbalize similarities |
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Term
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Definition
| Abstract social rules and conventions |
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Term
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Definition
| Spatial perception and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Visual reasoning and processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitative and analogical reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to quickly perceive visual details |
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Term
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Definition
| Attention, concentration, mental control |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental manipulation of numbers |
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Term
| Letter-number sequencing* |
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Definition
| Attention, concentration, mental control |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual working memory, visual motor coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual/perceptual analysis and speed |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual and perceptual speed |
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Term
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Definition
Way to compare with normed data
- average of 10
- SD of 3 |
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Term
| When to use substituting and prorating |
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Definition
DO NOT
- avoiding allows for closest conformity to standard conditions |
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Term
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Definition
general cognitive ability
- basis for interpretation of all other test results
- MOST reliable and valid of indices
- no info about underlying dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| Any complex task requires the coordinated operation of a number of basic abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| average level of all independent components that contribute to such tasks |
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Term
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Definition
single ability common to all tasks
- "positive manifold": very different cognitive tasks are positively correlated to varying degrees
- factor analysis yields a single general factor of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
Lowest order interpretation of g
- generally agreed upon
- extracted from any set of cognitive test data using analytic techniques |
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Term
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Definition
General and specific abilities represent different levels of abstraction
- any complex task requires a number of basic abilities
- articulated by Detterman |
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Term
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Definition
g represents a single ability common to all complex task performance
- differences in ability leads to differences in scores being measured
- Spearman and Jenson |
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Term
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Definition
"mental energy"
- neural efficiency
- neural plasticity
- processing speed
- cognitive capacity |
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Term
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Definition
Dynamic ecosystem model
- beneficial interactions bw cognitive modules and processes
- single general factor accounts for correlations in simulations based on model
- g as artifact |
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Term
| Primary mental abilities (PMA) |
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Definition
Based on factor analysis
- results depend on samples and methods
- not empirically independent |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in performance with age forms the basis of a measurement scale
- difficulty defined as age at which half children pass an item
- mental age is initial index
** measured intelligence increases with development |
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Term
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Definition
Lower levels of intelligence correlate with adaptive functions.
Higher levels of intelligence does not always correlate with intelligence
- Intelligent people who don’t know how to function adaptively |
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Term
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Definition
Almost perfect fit between genetic influence and intelligence (0.5)
- between family (0.25) + within family (0.25) |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in test performance over time must be due to environmental influences
- about 3 FSIQ points per decade
- nonverbal > verbal |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong correlation between environment and IQ boosts heritability and masks environmental effect |
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Term
| Argument against true increase in g seen by Flynn effect |
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Definition
1. narrower problem-solving ability
2. greater familiarity with tests
3. greater visual stimulation and practice |
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Term
| First degree relatives of low IQ probands |
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Definition
| Low intelligence can result from multiple sources of variation |
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Term
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Definition
Does the test measure what it proports to measure
* most important issue in evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of scaled scores for the subtests with a domain |
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Term
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Definition
sum of scaled scores for the core Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning subtest
- less influenced by working memory and processing speed compared to FSIQ |
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Term
| Verbal Comprehension Index |
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Definition
Measure of acquired knowledge and verbal reasoning
- not confounded by WMI
- ability to comprehend verbal stimuli, reasoning with semantic material, and communicate thoughts and ideas with words
- crystallized intelligence |
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Term
| Crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| breadth and depth of a person's acquired knowledge of a culture and effective application of this knowledge |
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Term
| Vocabulary-Perceptual (V-P) |
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Definition
Vocabulary vs Perceptual
Stimuli (auditory-verbal vs visual-nonverbal)
Response (vocal-verbal vs motor-manipulative nonverbal)
Previous learning (high demand vs low demand)
Speed (low demand vs high demand) |
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Term
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Definition
Language vs nonlanguage
auritory vs visual
previous learning vs new situations
untimed vs timed |
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Term
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Definition
| large discrepancy between two scores that are statistically different from each other |
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Term
| Statistically significant |
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Definition
| Statistically significant difference between two scores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
PRI scores > VCI scores
* speech areas are in L hemisphere |
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Term
| Crystallized Ability (Gc) |
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Definition
"Learned ability"
- involved in tasks that utilize previous training, education, acculturation
- ex. Vocabulary
- Better linked to g factor |
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Term
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Definition
"Raw intelligence"
- problem solving
- adaptation and flexibility
- unfamiliar stimuli
- ex. Matrix reasoning and figure weights |
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Term
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Definition
*Horn and Cattell's model from psychometric and conceptual analysis
- factor analytic support for distinction in children and adults
- match with VCI and PRI is far from perfect |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasis on achievement and hard work
- less able to deal with surprises
* does not necessarily mean greater verbal intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
Cultural disadvantage
Learning disability
* does not necessarily mean greater nonverbal intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
May show PRI > VCI pattern
- pattern holds regardless of language used for testing
- cultural and language differences alone can't account for pattern |
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Term
| Sociocultural & Ethnic Dialect |
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Definition
African-American dialect tests improve performance of some but has little effect on group mean
- mutual understanding an issue |
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Term
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Definition
VCI > PRI more common in children of professionals
PRI > VCI more common in children of unskilled workers
* experience can shape relative skillsin verbal and nonverbal spheres |
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Term
| Motor tasks in WAIS-III versus WAIS-IV |
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Definition
Requires less motor coordination for success
Takes into consideration:
- delayed motor development
- peripheral damage
- generalized impairment |
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Term
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Definition
1st factor- verbal comprehension
2nd factor- perceptual organization
3rd factor- freedom from distractability (focus/memory) |
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Term
| Freedom from distractibility reflects |
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Definition
executive function and short-term (or working) memory processes
- planning, monitoring, evaluating |
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Term
| Purpose of factor indices |
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Definition
Further clarify pattern of subtests summarized in FSIQ
- VCI and PRI purer measures of verbal and visual-spatial functioning than VIQ and PIQ |
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Term
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Definition
| operation of short-term memory, attention, and concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| speed of performance on visual motor tasks (i.e. speed of processing) |
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Term
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Definition
Summarizes performance on VCI and PRI
- originally conceived as alternative to FSIQ for determining presence of learning disability
- contains subtests with highest "g" loading |
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Term
| Cognitive Proficiency Index |
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Definition
Summarizes performance on WMI and PSI
- proficiency of processing certain types of cognitive information
- proficient processing reduces "cognitive load" (automaticity)
- frees up resources for higher level skills
- facilitates fluid reasoning, learning, problem solving
- most meaningful used with GAI |
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Term
| Levels of conceptualization (4) |
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Definition
1. no appreciation of similarities
2. concrete (both have skins)
3. functional (you can eat both)
4. abstract (they're both fruits) |
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Term
| Perceptual organization index |
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Definition
Measure of nonverbal, fluid reasoning, attention to detail, and visual-motor integration
- less confounded by PSI |
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Term
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Definition
Measures ability to process visual information and respond quickly
- processing speed interacts with working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| explains 4% of variance in IQ |
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Term
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Definition
| explains 16% of variance in IQ |
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Term
| Negative Environmental impacts on IQ |
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Definition
1. prenatal nutrition
2. Environemental toxins (i.e. lead) |
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Term
| Positive environmental impacts on IQ |
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Definition
1. Appropriate and stimulating experiences
2. Opportunity to explore and learn
3. Emotionally safe and stable
4. Quality of early relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Nature of position > Human capital |
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Term
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Definition
| Executive functioning > processing speed |
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Term
| Predictive validity of testing |
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Definition
IQ testing can reliably predict academic achievement
- also reliable in predicting outcomes in jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score "positive manifold" |
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Term
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Definition
| extent that tests yield consistent results |
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Term
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Definition
| extent that tests measure what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
| genetic relatedness and IQ |
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Definition
direct relationship
BUT heritability does not imply immutability |
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