learning that has persisted over time

THREE-BOX MODEL

(Information Processing Model)

• 3 steps to memory
• 1st- sensory memory
• 2nd- encoded info may go to STM (working memory)
• 3rd- rehearsed info then goes to LTM

• The deeper you process information the better encoded it becomes
• Levels of Processing
• Shallow (image/color/shape)
• Intermediate (sound)
• Deep (understand meaning)- best for encoding

• split second photograph of a scene
• ex: remember what notes look like

• brief sound memory
• ex: remember a high pitched ringing

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

(STM)

• encoded information that is helf for a short period of time- seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, etc.
• limited space
• time decay

• grouping like information to save STM storage space

• memory aid/chunking method
• ex: OCEAN is a mnemonic device for the "5 Factor" personality traits (openness to experience, conscietiousness, extroversion, agreebleness, neuroticism)

• to repeat information
• helps to encode (low level)

LONG-TERM MEMORY

(LTM)

• permanent memory
• LTM formats: procedural, semantic, episodic

• memories of specific life events
• ex: remembering prom night

• General knowledge/facts
• ex: what is the difference between affect and effect

• Memories of how to perform skills
• ex: how to do the breast stroke

EXPLICIT MEMORY

• Memories we actively try to remember
• ex: trying to remember all of the memory models

IMPLICIT MEMORY

(Nondeclarative memory)

• Memories we do not actively try to recall
• you do not have to consciously think about how to sweep the floor

EIDETIC MEMORY

(Photographic Memory)

• highly acute iconic memory
• ex: rememberin all the words on a book page

• to bring information out of memory

• To retrieve information without cues
• Ex: writing AP Psychology FRQs

• To retrieve information with cues
• Ex: Multiple choice questions (you can see the answer)

• inability to recall a word even though you have encoded it
• (ie: the word is right at the tip of your tongue)

• we encode & learn new words by connecting them to words we already know and understand

• having an acute memory of an important life/historical event

• ability to recall a memory better if your mood matches that of the mood you were in when the memory was created

• the act of recovering repressed memories
• very controversial
• not completely accurate in retrieval of memory

• when you learn information a 2nd time, it takes less time to encode
• YAAY!!! While relearning for AP Psych you should encode the info faster

• when incoming information is competing with old information or vice versa

• New information impedes the recall of old info
• Ex: if you study for Psych first then Bio, you will remember Bio and not Psych

• old information impedes the retention & recall of new information
• Ex: If you study for Pre Calc first and then English, you will remember Pre Calc and not English

• smallest unit in language
• how specific letters/combinations sound

• smallest unit that carries meaning
• prefixes & suffixes 

• overusing a grammatical rule
• ex: children often say runned to show past tense

• Noam Chomsky's belief that humans are born with the ability to learn language quickly as children

• Was a language nativist
• believed humans were the only animals capable to innately learning language

• what we believe to be a typical example
• what is your prototype college student?

• Mental picture we create of the outside world

• Rule that guarantees right solution by following a formular
• ex: pythagorean theorem

• a rule that is generally but not always true
• ex: "if you are kind to others, they will return the kindness"

• judging a situation based on the first similar situation that comes to mind

• Judging a situation based on how similar it is to a prototype

• we make illogical conclusions just to confirm our beliefs

• inability to see a new use for an object

• tendency to look for evidence/examples that support our beliefs

• thinking that points towards one solution
• some math teachers believe there is only one way to solve a problem

• tendency to believe there may be multiple solutions or problem sets
• ex: some math teachers show you several ways to solve a problem

• Study how quickly people forget information
• used non sense syllables
• measured recall retention