Term
| Short Term Storage Coding |
|
Definition
encode letters acousticly, not visually, (F for S) or semantically as much (man/mad vs. pig/bun)
Primarily Acoustic, a bit semantic, and hardly at all visual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily semantic (words in categories) |
|
|
Term
| Transfering information from short term to long term |
|
Definition
| depend on whether the information involves declarative or non-declarative memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes primin and habituation; decay quickly
procedural memory and classical conditioning; maintained more readily, as result of repeated practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deliberately attending to information to comprehend it.
by making connections or associations between the new information and what we already know and understand. integrating new data into our existing schemas or stored information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process of integrating new information into stored information.
can continue for many years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategies involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory. |
|
|
Term
| rehearsal, (overt/covert) |
|
Definition
the repeated recitation of an item.
overt, usually aloud and obvious to anyone watching
covert, silent and hidden
repeating words to oneself is not effective enough, thinking about inter-relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
learning in which various sessions are spaced over time.
more advantageous than massed practice
more spaced apart the learning was, the more likely they were to remember it over long periods of time
allows varying encoding processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organized; by categories,once organized, pretty consistent,
mnemonic devices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specific techniques to help memorize lists of words.
add meaning to otherwise meaningless or arbitrary lists of items.
categorical clustering, acronyms, acrostices, interactive imagery amoung items, pegwords, and the method of loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
organizing lists into easy to remember categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
one imagines the objects represented by words one has to remember interacting with each other in some active way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
one associates each word with a word on a previously memorized list and forms an interactive image between the two words. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
one visualizes walking around an area with distinctive landmarks that one knows well. Then one remembers specific landmarks to associate with what needs to be remembered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
one devises a word or expression in which each of its letters stands for a certain other word or concept. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
one forms a sentence rather than a single word to help one remember new words. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mnemonic device
forms an interactive image that links the sound and meaning of a foreign word with the sound and meaning of a familiar word. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simultaneous handling of multiple operations
retrieved from short term memory all at once, not individually
all comparisons would be done at once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
operations being done one after another. items would be retrieved in succession, rather than all at once.
would take longer to retrieve 4 items than 5 items |
|
|
Term
| exhaustive serial processing |
|
Definition
participant always would check the test digit against all digits in the positive set
looking over everything no matter where in the list the item is. |
|
|
Term
| self-terminating serial processing |
|
Definition
participant would check the test digit against only those digits needed to make a response.
later the serial position, the later the response time.
vs. exhaustive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long term memory storage
presence of information stored in long term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long term memory
degree to which we can gain access to the available information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when competing information causes us to forget something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.
retroactive
proactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(retroactive inhibition)
caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(proactive inhibition)
occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior recall of words is best for items at and near the end of the list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
poorest in the middle of the list |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
information is forgoten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement of memory trace.
unless something is done to keep it intact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individual's history; constructive, one does not remember exactly what happens, but the construction and reconstruction of what happened.
generally quite good, subject to distortions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people have tendencies to distort their memories. "Seven sins of memory"
Transcience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory fades quickly, can't quite remember details
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people sometimes brush their teeth after already brushing them, or enter a room looking for something ony to discover that they have forgotten what they are looking for.
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people sometimes having something that they know they should remember but they can't. "tip of the tongue"
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. people often think they saw things they did not, or heard things they did not hear. eye-witness testimony.
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
susceptible to suggestion, so that if it is suggested to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it. ex; "i know you saw that episode" so they think they did.
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biased recall. people who are experiencing chronic pain are more likely to remember pain in the past than was actually there.
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sometimes remember things as consequential that, in a broad context, are inconsequential. ex; someone with many successes but one notable failure may remember the single failure better than the many successes.
one of seven sins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause.
many psychologists strongly doubt they exist. some therapists might be planting ideas in patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a person attributes a memory derived from one source to another source. new york times vs. cosmo article |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vivdness and richness of detail, enhances our confidence in recall of the experience and its context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were permanently preserved on film.
emotional intensity enhances likelihood of flashbulb memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is recalled depends on what is encoded |
|
|
