Term
| Structural Differences of Left and Right Hemisphere |
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Definition
- The frontal region of the right side extends further and is wider.
- The left side does not extend as far and is narrower
- The Sylvian Fissure turns upward on the left side
- Planum Temporale- the auditory cortex is larger in left than the right
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Term
| Functional Areas Specific to the Left Hemisphere |
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Definition
- Broca's Area (frontal lobe)
- Wernicke's Area (temporal lobe)
- Dedicated to linguistic and symbolic tasks, along with seeing local details
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Term
| Functions Specific to the Right Hemisphere |
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Definition
- Dedicated to visuospatial processing
- Sees global structures; the big picture (not details)
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Term
| How can neurologically intact individuals help us understand hemispherical differences? |
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Definition
Ipsilateral suppression in the dichotic listening technique--> playing a different symbol in each ear and seeing which one they comprehend.
Rapid transfer of sensory information from one hemisphere to another--> images projected to visual fields, one side of the brain will process it faster |
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Term
| How can individuals with lateralized lesions help us understand hemispherical differences? |
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Definition
| Through global and local processing--> people were asked to replicate symbols made up of small pieces. Depending on damage to right or left, they could either draw only the small symbols or could draw the general shape. |
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Term
| How can individuals with split brain syndrome help us understand hemispherical differences? |
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Definition
| Split face experiment--> individual is shown a face with two different halves. When asked who they saw, they responded with the right side (left hemisphere is linquistic). When asked to point to who they saw, they point to the person from the left (right hemisphere) |
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Term
| What are the two individual differences in hemispherical specialization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Test used to find out where the language functioning is. Put one half of the brain to sleep and then give language tests. Repeat with the other half. |
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Term
| What are the developmental aspects of hemispheric localization? |
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Definition
- Anatomical differences can be seen before birth
- Functional differences can be observed by a week of age
- The younger a person is when brain damage occurs, the more likely they are to recover from it
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for both hemispheres to acquire a function |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a part of the brain to change function |
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Term
| Why do we have hemispherical specialization? |
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Definition
| WE HAVE NO FUCKING CLUE! Also it's not specific to humans |
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Term
| What are the three main aspects that are particularly lateralized? |
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Definition
- Language- verbal processing is strong in the left hemisphere
- Visuospatial Skills- processing of these is strong in the right hemisphere
- The left pays attention to detail while the right sees the big picture
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that innovate muscle; they are directly connected to the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Made of muscle fibers, they can be contracted or relaxed. They have actin and myosin. |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
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Definition
| The synapse between the terminal of a motor neuron and muscle fiber. The neurotransmitter is acetycholine |
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Term
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Definition
| One unit is the motor neuron and all the fibers that it activates. The size of the motor unit is equivalent to how much control we have over our muscles. |
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Term
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
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Definition
| Axons that go from the cortex to the spinal cord; switches sides in the medulla. This controls distal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projects contralaterally and ipsilaterally; control of trunk and proximal muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides the signal to dirve motor neurons to make muscles move. Signal originates here |
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Term
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Definition
Just anterior to the PMC....
- Integrates sensory information
- Controls object manipulation
- Controls voluntary eye movements
- Mirror Neuron- fire when an action is performed and when observing another individual performing the same action
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Term
| Anterior Cingulate Cortex |
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Definition
- Control and planning of motor movement
- Links motor and cognitive behavior
- Stroop task- colors and words
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Term
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Definition
| Helps with the creation of a motor program (series of sequences) |
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Term
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Definition
- Integration of sensory information and movement (picking up a suitcase you think will be heavy)
- Contributes to complex motor control
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Term
| Cerebellum's contribution to motor output |
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Definition
| Motor learning- learning new actions and movements (prison goggle example) |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives input from cortex; helps regulate highly skilled movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives information from spinal cord; projects back to spinal cord; helps posture and balance (trunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives input from vestibular nuclei in brainstem and projects back to this region |
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Term
| If cerebellum is damaged... |
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Definition
- Trouble learning new movements
- Action tremor/intention tremor
- Difficulties coordinating multi-joint movements
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Term
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Definition
"The dam for the cortex" -- finely tunes what our output looks like
- It's a subcortical system
- Helps control voluntary movement through excitatory and inhibatory connections
- The thalamus excites the cortex, the basal ganglia controls this
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Term
| What structures make up the basil ganglia? |
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Definition
| Striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, sustantia, nigra, subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| What are the functions of the globus pallidus? |
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Definition
| Globus pallidus inhibits the thalamus. When it doesn't, it allows a direct pathway from the thalamus to the cortex (facilitating ongoing actions). Or it does the opposite, inhibiting the thalamus -> cortex pathway (suppressing unwatned movements) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to intitate spontaneous movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Releases dopamine. Damage to this can lead to immobility, unable to speak, frozen facial expressions and extreme rigidity. L-Dopa helps cure this (Parkinson's disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| Resting tremor, head down, slow movements (Bradykinesia and Hyperkinesia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess of unwanted movement (hyperkinesia). Caused by loss of neurons in basil ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
| No control over one's own limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| Tics! Treated by reducing dopamine activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Person can physcially perform a task when they decide they want to, but cannot do it when asked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Built in involuntary muscle response to stimuli -- they are a survival mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Directed and controlled by the brainstem, not the spinal cord. Newborns have them |
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Term
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Definition
| Head turning to the side of the cheek being stroked; so they can eat |
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Term
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Definition
| Touch the sole of the foot, the toes move up and out |
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Term
| Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) |
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Definition
| Try to turn a baby's head --> ipsilateral are and leg will extend, the contralateral will flex. So baby can see own body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden change in head position --> legs and arms extend, back arches; attempt to grab something if dropped. |
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Term
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Definition
| When bare feet touch surface, they show stepping reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| When prone, flexing the neck will cause the legs to flex |
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Term
| Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) |
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Definition
Flex the head --> flexed arms and extended legs
Opposite --> opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| In the back of the eye, it contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonsensitive to color, only light, they are dense in the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are sensitive to color and are more dense at the center of the retina (fovea). We have three pigments for color. |
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Term
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Definition
They are output cells for the chemical signal --> towards the brain.
- M- detect coarse patterns and motion
- P- color information
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Term
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Definition
| A region of space that will trigger a certain cell's firing rate |
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Term
| Three parts between the retina and visual cortex... |
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Definition
| Optic nerve (behind the eye) --> optic chiasm (where nasal side crosses) --> Optic tract (goes to the LGN) |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus (LGN) |
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Definition
Layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular (receive from M)
Layers 3-6 are parvocellular (receive from P). Certain layers respond contralaterally or ipsilaterally |
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Term
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Definition
| Fire in response to bars light in certain orientations and positions |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to all of certain orientation, regardless of position |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to light of certain lengths in any orientation or position |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual information maps onto the brain in the same spatial layout as visual information reaching the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> LGN --> primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Retina --> superior colliculus --> pulvinar nucleus in thalamus. This is really fast, sensitve to motion, and detects new objects in spatial field. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinna and auditory canal (ear canal)- channel pressure into ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Tympanic membrane, ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup), malleus, incus, stapes. |
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Term
| Tympanic Membrane --> Ossicles --> Inner Ear |
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Definition
| Air pressure causes changes in this, which then moves the ossicles, which causes fluid in inner ear to move |
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Term
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Definition
| Cochlea, organ of corti, basilar membrane, inner and outer hair cells, semicircular canals |
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Term
| Organ of Corti and Basilar Membrane |
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Definition
| Organ of corti contains hair cells sitting on the basilar membrane. The BM separates organ of corti from fluid. Outer hair cells modulate inner hair cells. Inner hair cells transduce actual sound to chemical signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| BM is narrower at base and wider further from the base (at apex). Each point along BM is tuned to a different frequency. |
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Term
| What's inbetween the cochlea and brain? |
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Definition
| Cochlea --> medulla --> inferior colliculus --> MGN of thalamus --> auditory cortex |
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Term
| Tonotopic Organization of Auditory Cortex |
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Definition
| Different region of cortex dedicated to certain frequencies of sound. |
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Term
| Three Properties of Sound |
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Definition
- Loudness- how high the wave lenth is
- Frequency- how often there are waves
- Location- head shadow; which ear receives the information first
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Term
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Definition
| For people who do not benefit from hearing aids. Internal- receiver and stimulator. External- microphone, speech processor and transmitter. |
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Term
| Object Recognition-- What vs. Where? |
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Definition
What it is--- information goes ventrally from striate cortex
Where it is--- information goes dorsally from striate cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving our eyes so that the object we want to identify falls on the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability recognize objects; the inability cannot be explained by other causes (damages to vision, memory, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty forming a mental impression (percept); can't find an image within an image (highlights!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can form percepts, but the perceptual whole cannot be linked to stored knowledge about the object. Can coby an object, but can't name it or draw it from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize faces |
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Term
| Category-Specific Deficit |
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Definition
| Inability to recognize objects of a certain category (like orange) |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, specific group of cells respond to a certain object. No body believes this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of activity across a large population of cells codes for individual objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual invariance does exist- two different looking apples are both perceived as an apple |
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Term
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Definition
| Flipping parts of the face to see if you notice the difference. Argues configural information vs. local relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater response to faces than to other objects |
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Term
| Parahippocampal Place Area |
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Definition
| Greater response to places in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater response to human bodies and parts |
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Term
| Ways to recognize objects without vision |
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Definition
Auditory Agnosia- through sound, verbal and non verbal
Somatosensory Agnosia- through touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly in right side of parietal lobe. Used for dedecting direction of motion through retinal input and head position. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare images of eyes with disparity and binocular disparity cell |
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Term
| How we form reference points relative to where our body is... |
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Definition
- Allocentric Reference- Object A to Object B
- Egocentric Reference- Head, body and cell
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Term
| How we understand x in relation to y (placement)... |
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Definition
- Categorical spatial relations- left hemisphere; dichotomous (up and down)
- Metric Spatial Relations- right hemisphere; distance between A and B
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Term
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Definition
| Area MT is sensitve to motion and in the temporal lobe. Area MST is sensitve to more complex patterns of motion (optic flow) |
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Term
| How does our brain distinguish moving from stationary things when scanning an environment? |
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Definition
| Knows when an object is moving and the retina is still, or an object is still and the retina is moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| When eye muscles send signals to sensory areas about upcoming motor movements |
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Term
| Route Based Map and Map Based |
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Definition
Using a sequence of steps to get somewhere, usually with landmarks.
An allocentric understand of different parts of the landscape. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one can perceive where objects are in relation to themself |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to recognize landmarks |
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Term
| Anterograde Disorientation |
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Definition
| When a person can't navigate a new place (new after the injury) |
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Term
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Definition
Global Amnesia- any kind of information is affected
Material-specific- when certain kinds of material is lost
Retrograde- can't remember anything before the event
Anterograde- can't form memories after the event |
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Term
| What are the five areas of memory? |
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Definition
- Perceptual Knowledge
- Knowledge of the World
- Autobiographical Knowledge
- Procedural Knowledge
- Working Memory
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Term
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Definition
| Long term memories through long term potentitation- using the synapse enough to increase its strenght and effectiveness |
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Term
| Domain Specific Neocortical Regions |
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Definition
Different parts of the brain involved in certain types of memores...
Ex: visual cortex will be involved with visual memory. If you remember a smell, olfactory cortex will be involved |
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Term
| Basal Ganglia (How is it involved in memory?) |
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Definition
| Motor; basis in procedural memory--> learning new tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotion and fear--> many memories are linked to emotions and are easier to remember if emotion is stronger |
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Term
| Anterior Temporal Regions (Memory) |
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Definition
| Involved in semantic memory- retention of faces, concepts, categories, word meaning, and information about people as long as episodic (autobiograpical) |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
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Definition
| This processes working memory; in the frontal lobe; can be improved with training |
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