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Definition
| how does the physical substance of our brain give rise to our thoughts, feelings, & actions? |
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Definition
-mind & body interact in pineal gland
-sensory stimulation --> vibrations in the body. |
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Definition
| mind & brain are 2 explanations for the same thing. |
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Definition
| cognitive, mind based concepts will be replaced by biological constructs. |
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Definition
identified major structures in the brain.
misguided: mental experience = ventricles. |
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Definition
different parts of cortex serve different functions.
cortical size & bumps.
although flawed, helped develop FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION!!! |
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| computer metaphor of cognition |
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Definition
incoming stimuli --> extraction of "physical" properties --> filter --> extraction of "abstract" properties.
*understand steps need to perform task without reference to the brain. |
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Definition
| different info processed at the same time. |
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Definition
| influence of later stages on processing earlier ones. |
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Definition
functional imaging tells us WHERE cognition occurs, not HOW.
new form of phrenology. important to look at how brain systems interact. |
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Definition
| later stages of processing can begin before earlier ones are complete. |
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Definition
| accuracy in measuring an event. |
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Definition
| accuracy in measuring WHERE an event occurs. |
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Definition
| certain cog processes = limited in type of info they process. |
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Definition
| cog process dedicated to 1 TYPE OF INFO. |
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Definition
traffic control for neurons
direct them where they need to go. |
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Definition
glue
waste removal/chemical cleanup
modulate neurotransmission: receive & release NTs. |
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Term
| signals coming from postsynaptic dendrites are... |
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Definition
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Definition
receives info and sends it to the MUSCLES.
output = very SPECIFIC.
input = NOT very specific. |
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Definition
gets info from PERIPHERY and sends it to the BRAIN.
input = SPECIFIC
output = not specific. |
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Definition
constantly pumping out sodium & bringing in potassium
--> build up of NEGATIVE charge inside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Depolarization = sodium channels open and come rushing into cell. **more + inside**
2. sodium channels close.
3. Potassium channels open. Pump K+ OUT. **more (-) inside the cell**
4. K+ channels continue to operate --> HYPERPOLARIZATION.
**REFRACTORY PERIOD** |
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Term
| rate of responding (spiking rate) relates to... |
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Definition
| informational code carried by that neuron. |
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Term
| regional functional specialization |
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Definition
| neurons responding to similar types of info = grouped together. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| axons, myelin, glia cells. |
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Definition
| communicate within ONE hemisphere. |
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Definition
| brain stem & spinal cord --> cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
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Definition
**provides PROTECTIVE cushion for the brain.
dense group of capillaries that secrete CSF. |
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Definition
| middle between 2 hemispheres. hole in center. |
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Definition
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Definition
1. Dura mater: OPAQUE.
2. Arachnoid: carries BLOOD VESSELS.
3. Pia mater: THIN layer. |
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Definition
primary motor cortex.
"little man" |
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Term
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Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
CYTOARCHITECTURE.
regions defined by layered composition of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
thalamus. caudate. striatum. amygdala. putamen. globus pallidus.
***ACTION & THOUGHT***
Huntington's disease: hyperkinetic
Parkinson's: hypokinetic |
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Term
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Definition
relating organism to its environment
*amygdala. hippocampus. cingulate cortex. mamillary bodies. |
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Definition
THALAMUS & HYPOTHALAMUS
1. relay system between all sensory organs. except smell.
2. bodily functions/needs |
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Definition
involved in programming fast eye movements.
VISION |
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Term
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Definition
| part of AUDITORY pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| dexterity & smooth MOVEMENT. |
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Definition
vital functions
*sleep/wake cycle. |
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Definition
properties of OUTSIDE world.
priming task |
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Term
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Definition
| how properties of outside world are manifested in NEURAL SIGNAL. |
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Term
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Definition
INVASIVE: placed in or around neuron.
**# of ACTION POTENTIALS per second.
NOT typically done in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
ON scalp.
NON-INVASIVE.
measures SUMMED electrical potentials. |
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Term
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Definition
*GRANDMOTHER cells.
*info about a stimulus/event = carried in ONE neuron.
if we want to know how brain codes for color red, look for area of brain that codes for red.
external stimulus --> encoding --> neural activity --> decoding --> mental operation. |
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Term
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Definition
BOTTOM of hierarchy
*respond to SINGLE POINTS of light.
*PARTICULAR about location.
ON/OFF regions. |
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Definition
*NUMEROUS!!!!!
*NOT picky about location.
*directionally sensitive.
*LARGER RFs.
*don't respond to points of light. |
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Term
| Cells of V1: HYPERCOMPLEX |
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Definition
if crosses certain plain, neuron turns OFF.
*lets you know EXACTLY WHERE an object is. |
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Term
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Definition
| MOTION & SPATIAL location |
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Term
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Definition
| DETAILED FEATURES, form, & OBJECT IDENTITY |
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Definition
respond to ONLY 1 stimulus
*if cells get damaged = no memory for stimulus.
*brain would have to be huge. |
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Term
| fully distributed representation |
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Definition
| info about stimulus is carried in ALL neurons. |
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Term
| sparse distribution representation |
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Definition
info about stimulus = carried in SMALL PROP. of neurons.
ex. AVERTED GAZE IMAGE.
ex. FACES |
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Term
| Neural codes: Rate coding |
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Definition
| info of neuron RELATED TO APs per sec. |
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Term
| neural codes: Temporal coding |
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Definition
SYNCHRONY of neurons to code info.
ex. code SAME STIMULUS |
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Term
| neural codes: Population coding |
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Definition
coding by GROUP of neurons.
AVERAGES of group. |
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Term
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Definition
recording of VOLTAGE POTENTIAL CHANGES over time
*see how areas of brain = communicating. |
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Term
| CMR: common mode rejection |
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Definition
CLEANS up the SIGNAL.
(signal + noise) - (noise) = CLEAN SIGNAL!!! |
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Term
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Definition
1. Action potentials
2. Synaptic activity: ***EPSPs & IPSPs. SUMMATE!!!
**depends on ORIENTATION OF DIPOLE. |
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Term
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Definition
ACTIVE sink. PASSIVE source.
Na+ rushes IN & is pumped OUT.
Dipole: (-) inside. |
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Term
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Definition
PASSIVE sink. ACTIVE source.
K+ rushes OUT. then IN.
dipole: (+)??? |
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Term
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Definition
10/20 system.
EEG signal = AVERAGED over many events. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ERP, DIFFERENT PEAKS reflect functioning of DIFFERENT COG. STAGES. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dividing REACTION TIMES into different stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| related to properties of STIMULUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| related to properties of TASK. |
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Term
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Definition
difficulty of locating sources of electrical activity from measurements.
SOLVED by -->
Dipole modeling: assuming how many dipoles contribute to signal recorded at the scalp. |
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Term
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Definition
CT scan & MRI
benefits of MRI:
-NO radiation.
-BETTER spatial resolution.
-DISCRIMINATION between white & gray matter. |
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Term
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) |
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Definition
measures WHITE MATTER ORGANIZATION.
specific pathways between regions.
visualize WHITE MATTER ATROPHE. |
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Term
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Definition
*excites HYDROGEN ATOMS.
*in resting state: ions = spread out & disorganized.
apply STRONG, MAGNETIC FIELD.
**MEASURE: RELAXING OF IONS
DRAWBACK = NOISE. |
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Term
| Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) |
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Definition
WHITE & GRAY matter density in each voxel.
Differences between groups: TAXI DRIVERS!!! |
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Term
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Definition
measures BLOOD FLOW.
Radioactive TRACER INJECTED.
INVASIVE.
LIMITED TIME to achieve good signal.
*EFFECTIVE SPATIAL resolution.
*BLOCKED design necessary |
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Term
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Definition
NO radioactivity
measures BLOOD OXYGENATION. -->
BOLD response. tells us how brain sends oxygen to areas that are more ACTIVE.
*supply exceeds metabolic demand.
scanned many times.
BLOCKED or EVENT-RELATED design. |
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Term
| Peterson et al. PET study. |
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Definition
CAKE.
identify regions associated with certain tasks like WORD RECOGNITION.
*SUBTRACT areas & figure out which ones = IMPORTANT for task.
FLAWED: PURE INSERTION. -->
assume that adding a different component to task does not change the operation of other tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
can't tickle ourselves.
SELF movement or someone ELSE.
*use SUBTRACTIVE LOGIC like other experiment.
*tactile sensation differs based on who is doing the touching = STRONG about this model.
**if you're doing the moving, you know the outcome of your movements. not as much activity in somato. cortex. send inhibitory signals to somato. cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
*no need for perfect baseline.
*Treat IV as CONTINUOUS measure.
**Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (working memory): limited amount of info you can process at one time. downward U. |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASES signal.
compensates for individual differences in anatomy.
*increasing contrast around areas we think are active. |
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Term
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Definition
| suppression of activity of a brain region by another region/process. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in activity of brain region by another region or process. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli that belong together in ONE condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| different conditions = SEPARATED for analysis purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| locations on SENSORY surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| locations in relation to the BODY. |
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Term
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Definition
| location of objects IN RELATION to EACH OTHER. |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to consciously see something because attention is directed away from it. |
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Term
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Definition
guided by the GOALS of the PERCEIVER.
*finding BLUE T in mixture of L's and T's. |
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Term
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Definition
| guided by CUE or EXTERNAL. |
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Term
| Feature-Integration Theory/evidence for & against. |
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Definition
perceptual features are coded in PARALLEL & PRIOR to ATTENTION.
*unique perceptual feature = detected WITHOUT ATTENTION = POP OUT.
Evidence for:
*pop out not affected by # of ITEMS to be searched.
Against:
*early selection model.
*evidence of LATE SELECTION in NEG. PRIMING. |
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Term
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Definition
picture with red & blue pics.
*takes longer to name a red dog when it was just blue. |
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Term
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Definition
*BIAS towards LEFT visual field.
*RIGHT PARIETAL lobe = richer rep. of space.
-damage --> severe problems.
-**affects left side of space!!!! |
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Term
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Definition
*can orient to CUE on left or right.
*problem in SHIFTING ATTENTION from right cue --> left target.
**PROBLEM IN SHIFTING ATTENTION.
**WITHOUT CUE, IGNORES stimuli in LEFT visual field.
**ENDOGENOUS PROBLEM. |
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Term
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Definition
1. inability to perceive more than one object at a time. (SIMULTAGNOSIA)
2. fixation of gaze. (optic apraxia)
3. inability to reach in proper direction for object. (optic ataxia) |
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Term
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Definition
*basic visual abilities normal.
*UNABLE to locate object VERBALLY or by reaching/pointing.
*IMPAIRED at LOCATING SOUNDS.
*can state which side of body part touched.
**RECOGNIZE SINGLE objects but NO SPATIAL relationships between them.
*can group several PARTS into WHOLES. like FACES!! |
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Term
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Definition
IGNORE HALF of visual field.
INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE
line bisection. cancellation tests. copying. drawing. |
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Term
| Neglect as a disorder of attention. |
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Definition
**Occipital cortex responds to stimuli.
**can detect objects on left if cued there.
**Affects auditory & tactile judgements.
SOUNDS = MISLOCALIZED.
VISUAL EXTINCTION suggests different perceptual reps = competing for attention. = FROG & SUN. |
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Term
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Definition
Neglect:
*lack of awareness NOT restricted to VISION.
*WHOLE OBJECTS may be processed IMPLICITLY.
*eyes DO NOT LOOK at neglected region.
*Neglected region = EGOCENTRIC.
Blindsight:
*lack of awareness IS RESTRICTED to VISION.
*IMPLICIT knowledge limited to BASIC visual discriminations.
*EYES do NOT look at blind spot.
*Neglected region = RETINOCENTRIC. |
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Term
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Definition
Body neglect = failure to groom half of the body.
Near space neglect = visual search of array of external objects.
*Double dissociation between personal & near space. |
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Term
| Object vs. Space based neglect |
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Definition
Space-based neglect = *only attend to RIGHT side of column with letters & circles A's on right side.
Object neglect = can't detect differences on LEFT side of space even when object falling into right side of space. |
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Term
| Does the hippocampal region contain a spatial map? |
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Definition
*SPATIAL maps = ALLOCENTRIC. i.e. ind. of animal's viewpoint.
*PLACE CELLS respond maximally when animal is in certain location.
ex. WATER MAZE. hippocampal lesions fail to learn location.
**PARIETAL lobes = linking SENSORY & EGOCENTRIC maps.
**HIPPOCAMPUS = stores LT representations of space. ALLOCENTRIC. |
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Term
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Definition
*study perception, awareness, treatment of movement disorders, anxiety disorders.
*NON-INVASIVE.
*based on FARADAY's principle of electromagnetic induction. electrical current passes through another one & creates energy in another nearby.
*electrical field induces neuronal activity.
*introduces NOISE into a neural process.
*Not spatially focal.
***have to have HYPOTHESIS for every comparison.
SOLUTION TO SUPERFICIAL REGIONS = can test with other ANIMALS.
*simultaneously activates many neurons.
*MAXIMAL activation will have LOWEST SIGNAL to NOISE RATIO. will not corr. with peak times reported in ERP. |
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Term
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Definition
useful in study of ABNORMAL BRAINS.
Damaged brains may have undergone PLASTICITY.
causes a REVERSIBLE LESION.
INFERENCES about function of normal brain.
TMS can be used to REPRODUCE TEST EFFECTS associated with NEGLECT.
can induce SPEECH DISRUPTIONS & IMPAIR VERBAL RECALL & PIC-WORD matching. |
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Term
| Distal-stimulation method of TMS. |
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Definition
| give LOW DOSE of TMS before task, which REDUCES BLOOD FLOW, then increased with performance. |
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Term
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Definition
*research cog function in children
*ongoing electrical activity
*diagnose & manage EPILEPSY.
*CORTICOL DEV. with age
*comparing LEARNING DISABLED with normal groups showed MAT. LAG. |
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Term
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Definition
ongoing EEG during cog. event/stimulus.
waveform affected by stim. modality & cog process (ex. memory) |
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Term
| Visual processing/face processing (article) |
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Definition
*binding problem: individual visual features grouped together. latency decreases with age.
*top down processing of info.
*N170 = sensitive to FACES!!!!
*configural vs. featural processing--arrangement vs. presence.
*FUSIFORM FACE AREA = VENTRAL OCCIPITOTEMPORAL CORTEX. in response to faces.
*T5 & T6 = respond to WHOLE FACES & EYES. & scrambled faces. |
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Term
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Definition
P3 deficits in dyslexic children.
*PHONOLOGICAL deficits as well.
MMN = implicated in DETECTION OF AUDITORY CHANGE. |
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Term
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Definition
*LATE P3 component.
*processing dysfunction
*Meth = common treatment, MASKS what's really happening. |
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Term
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Definition
RISKY.
IMPLANT electrodes
**LOCALIZE SEIZURE ONSET in EPILEPSY.
**LIMITED in kind of CONTROL you can use. |
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Term
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Definition
| when WAVES = SYNCHRONOUS. |
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Term
| Seeing as a Constructive Process |
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Definition
Kanizsa Illusion = seeing the finished TRIANGLE.
**CREATION of PARIETAL LOBES.
**CONES = FOVEA.
**RODS = sensitive to LOW LEVELS of light intensity.
**GAP at back of OPTIC NERVE = BLINDSPOT. |
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Term
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Definition
*main route TERMINATES in V1 (primary visual cortex)
RETINOTHALAMIC --> GENICULOSTRIATE path.
RETINOTECTAL
RETINOHYPOTHALAMIC or RETINOCHIASMATIC. (retina to SCN)
***SCN = DAY/NIGHT. LIGHT/DARK.
**Superior Colliculus = VISION. LOCALIZING things in space. |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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Definition
6 LAYERS.
MAGNOCELLULAR = MOVEMENT.
PARVOCELLULAR = DETAIL & COLOR. |
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Term
| Center-Surround Receptive Field |
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Definition
AREA of SPACE that activates a NEURON.
RESPOND to DIFFERENCES in LIGHT across RF.
ex. presence in center. absence in surround.
***ACTIVATION of neuron in response to LIGHT INSIDE receptive field, but SUPPRESSION outside of center. |
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Term
| Primary Visual Cortex (V1) |
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Definition
EXTRACTS INFO from visual scene.
HIERARCHIAL view: *simple visual features COMBINED into complex ones. |
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Term
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Definition
SIMPLE cells may derive RESPONSE by COMBINING responses of several LGN center-surround CELLS.
**SIMPLE cells respond to different ORIENTATIONS.
***COMPLEX cells: COMBINING responses of SIMPLE cells. have LARGER RFs & require STIM. on ENTIRE LENGTH. |
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Term
| Spatial arrangement of V1 |
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Definition
Retinotopic organization = spatial arrangement of light on retina retained in response properties of V1 neurons (except INVERTED).
*FOVEAL region = important for DETAIL. |
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Term
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Definition
BLINDNESS for corr. REGION.
*Hemianopia = see HALF of a picture.
*Scotoma = BLINDSPOT in visual world.
*Quadrantanopia = 1/4 of visual field is BLIND. |
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Term
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Definition
CANNOT CONSCIOUSLY report objects presented in REGION of space.
able to make SOME visual DISCRIMINATIONS.
GENICULOSTRIATE route = specialized for CONSCIOUS VISION.
FILLING IN of blind regions. IMAGE COMPLETION. |
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Term
| Extrastriate Areas (beyond V1) |
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Definition
V4 = COLOR.
V5/MT = MOVEMENT.
**AREA V4 = active in COLOR VS. GRAYSCALE.
**AREA V5/MT = active in MOVING DOTS. visual movement.
Problem with color perception & area V4:
-wavelength depends on comp. of light source.
-COLOR CONSTANCY. colors = same despite lighting/position. |
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Term
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Definition
*see BLACK & WHITE.
*Corticol Achromatopsia
***Cells in V4 respond to same surface color when lighting/position changes, but cells in V1 do NOT.
ex. Chessboard picture. |
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Term
| Movement perception & area V5/MT |
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Definition
*respond to particular DIRECTIONS of MOVEMENT.
*Bilateral damage = AKINETOPSIA. *STILL FRAMES*
*can detect movement in other senses.
*Akinetopsic patients can discriminate BIOLOGICAL MOTION!!! |
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Term
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Definition
Visual cortex extracts basic visual info--colors. movement. shapes. edges.
needs to make contact with other types of info:
*WHERE the object is in space.
*WHAT the object is. |
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Term
| Model of Object Recognition |
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Definition
4 STAGES:
1. Early visual processing.
2. GROUPING of visual elements.
3. MATCHING grouped visual description onto a rep of the object stored in the brain.
4. ATTACHING MEANING of the object. |
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Term
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Definition
LAWS:
1. proximity: things closer together = grouped.
2. similarity: things similar = grouped.
3. good continuation: see two crossing lines.
4. closure: filling in gaps. finishing a shape. ex. circle.
5. common fate: moving together go together; BIO. MOTION!!! |
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Term
| Integrative Agnosia. seeing parts but not wholes. |
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Definition
AGNOSIA = disorder in OBJ. RECOGNITION.
APPERCEPTIVE agnosia: disorder of perception.
ASSOCIATIVE agnosia: disorder of MEANING.
**INTEGRATIVE agnosia = type of APPERCEPTIVE in which GROUPING PRINCIPLES = DISRUPTED.
ex. difficulty seeing a face.
Trouble with:
*deciding if objects = real or not.
*naming objects. |
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Term
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Definition
recognize object from any viewpoint.
brain stores object in single viewpoint, so we need to use MENTAL ROTATION!!!
MATCHING FEATURE BY FEATURE.
***LEFT ITC (inferial temporal cortex) responds to OBJECT DESPITE VIEWPOINT or size, but
**RIGHT ITC responds in RELATION to VIEWPOINT.
2 different routes to OBJECT CONSTANCY. |
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Term
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Definition
*hard to compare fMRI images with BEHAVIOR.
*can CONTROL INPUT & record OUTPUT.
*results: SAME-DIFF orientation = similar regardless of color. --> SOME COLOR INPUT also includes INFO ON ORIENTATION.
*Conclusion: COMBINED fMRI & BEHAVIORAL data = better neural MODELING than either one individually.
*possible to design behavioral studies based on imaging results. |
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Term
| Primary Visual Cortex & Visual Awareness (article) |
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Definition
*investigate the role of V1 in visual awareness.
*PERCEPTION consists of 2 components:
1. INFORMATION analysis.
2. SUBJECTIVE AWARENESS.
*FEEDBACK connections between V1 & Extrastriate.
Lesions of V1 = loss of AWARENESS. |
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Term
| Theories of Visual Awareness (article) |
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Definition
HIERARCHIAL MODEL:
*V1 = RELAY CENTER --> Extrastriate.
*does not participate in conscious rep of data.
**DISRUPTION of V1 will NOT impair awareness.
INTERACTIVE model:
*FEEDBACK LOOPS
*V1 influences CONTINUATION of info. VETO POWER.
**DISRUPTION to V1 ALWAYS impairs awareness. |
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Term
|
Definition
DAMAGE to V1 = COMPLETE LOSS OF AWARENESS.
*report not being able to see stimuli in particular region, but can perform VISUAL DISCRIMINATIONS.
*ALTERNATIVE visual pathways still RESPONSIVE to motion. color. & object detection.
**STILL ACTIVATION of EXTRASTRIATE even though V1 impaired.
*BOTH BLINDSIGHT & EXTRASTRIATE LESIONS = support for INTERACTIVE model. |
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Term
| Binocular rivalry (article) |
|
Definition
ATTENTION/AWARENESS alternates between 2 MONOCULAR images.
EEG & fMRI = activity in INFEROTEMPORAL cortex. *also in PARIETAL cortex.
V1 & EXTRASTRIATE involved in binocular rivalry, but Extrastriate activation = NOT LINKED to AWARENESS alternation.
***support for INTERACTIVE MODEL. |
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Term
| Visual detection (article) |
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Definition
*activity linked to conscious detection of visual target.
*AWARENESS occurring AFTER feedback from EXTRASTRIATE area. |
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Term
| Bistable Perception (article) |
|
Definition
**GREATER activation of MT over V1 viewing a BI-STABLE object in motion. ex. FACE/VASE image.
*bi-stable images --> increased activity of PARIETAL & FRONTAL regions.
ATTENTIONAL. have to choose which image you're going to look at. |
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Term
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Definition
*TMS produces & disrupts visual stimulation.
TMS & motion:
*FEEDBACK LOOP disrupted --> during onset at MT.
*evidence for INTERACTIVE model.
Conclusion:
*V1 is necessary, but NOT SUFF. for perceptual AWARENESS.
*Visual processing can occur in V1 W/OUT AWARENESS.
*PARIETAL areas = necessary for awareness. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mental reps. have to take into account:
-info about body movements
-SACCADIC eye movements.
*Saccadic eye movements COMPENSATE for changes in ANGLE GAZE.
Problem: SACCADIC movements DISTORT images.
*Hemicropsia (lesions in parietal cortex):
-FAILURE of SIZE CONSTANCY of horiz. extent.
Taylor-Clark et al:
-Perceived distance was greater on index than forearm.
*Vision plays a role in modulatory somato. function.
Conclusion:
-behavioral studies & brain-damaged humans help to understand how brain constructs reps. of peri-personal space from sensory inputs. |
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Term
| Phonological Lexicon & Lexical access |
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Definition
1. store of words in speaker's vocabulary
2. MATCHING word to stored memory of that word. |
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Term
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Definition
patient that UNDERSTANDS speech, but can only articulate "TANTAN"
LESION = POSTERIOR INFERIOR LEFT FRONTAL LOBE. |
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Term
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Definition
*DIFFICULTIES UNDERSTANDING speech
*intact “paraphasic” speech.
*Lesion = LEFT SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS.
*close to primary auditory cortex
*region for ACOUSTIC SPEECH IMAGERY. |
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Term
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Definition
A = ACOUSTIC WORD IMAGES. (wernicke’s area)
M = MOTOR word images. (broca’s area)
B = WORD MEANINGS dist. across cortex. *cortical brain regions.
a = input to A. (ex. Primary auditory cortex.)
m = motor output.
*ARCUATE FIBERS that run between broca and wernicke.
*can make predictions based on this wiring model and say what happens if I do this or that? |
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Term
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Definition
1 = Broca’s aphasia:
*comprehension intact, but repetition & speech impaired.
2 = Wernicke’s aphasia:
*COMP. & REP impaired. speech = fluent.
3 = conduction aphasia: disconnecting wernicke from broca.
*Impaired REPETITION. speech = fluent. comprehension is intact.
4 = transcortical motor aphasia: disconnect cortical region from broca.
*Repetition & comprehension intact. SPEECH impaired.
5 = aphemia. Lesion area important for motor commands.
*Spontaneous & repetition = impaired. But comp. fully intact. *IMPAIR EVERYTHING EXCEPT COMP.
*Don’t make it out to muscles.
6 = transcortical sensory aphasia.
*Rep. intact. COMP. IMPAIRED. speech = paraphasic
7 = pure word deafness: cut off input to language system.
*REP & COMP. IMPAIRED. speech & auditory acuity normal. |
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Term
| Motor Theory of Speech Perception |
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Definition
*Auditory signal = matched to motor reps. that would be required to produce the sound rather than acoustic rep.
*Sounds = recognized by inferring articulatory movements. What kinds of movements it takes to make those sounds.
*Watkins & Paus (2004) → motor cortex activated by speech perception!
*McGurk Effect: video. “bababa” vs. “dadada”; having motor info changes how we interpret what words are. |
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Term
| Separating Motor & Acoustic Components of Speech |
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Definition
*Proposed “what” & “how” pathways.
*Ventral “WHAT” pathway:
• Links primary AUDITORY cortex w/ ventral TEMPORAL lobe areas specialized for SPEECH.
• Make contact with structures important for memory.
*Dorsal “HOW” pathway:
• Primary AUDITORY cortex connected to FRONTAL lobes via ANGULAR GYRUS.
• ANGULAR GYRUS (where TEMPORAL & PARIETAL lobes meet) active when silently articulating relative to thinking. |
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Term
| Dual routes for speech & perception: WHAT & HOW |
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Definition
*Two ways to produce speech.
*brain damage = UNABLE to repeat NON-WORDS, but CAN REPEAT REAL words! -->
*when non-words, rely on WHAT pathway. If know the word, rely on ventral WHERE pathway.
*Ways to make speech:
• *get input and send to motor outputs.
• *activate stored memories. Generate ideas. & send to Broca’s. |
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Term
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Definition
***during speech recognition there is competition between similar sounding words.
1. “cohort” activated by first sound of a word. Ex. “e”
2. Candidate words eliminated as more info is revealed. ex. “ele”
3. Word matching occurs at UNIQUENESS POINT (ex. Eleph) when evidence is consistent with only one word.
*Recognizing spoken words: cohort model.
o Reaction time priming shows that UNCOMMON WORDS = ACTIVATED LESS.
• “spe” → speed > species.
*However, semantic context does not alter the pattern.
• Suggests semantics occur late (ex. After spoken word recognition)
o Evidence for late influence of semantics comes from N400 in ERPs.
• example from book. DUTCH TRAINS. *EARLY PATTERN MATCHING. Both are colors and sour is completely out of context. |
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Term
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Definition
**knowledge of the world—MEANING of words & objects.
*central role in human cognition in that it lies at the interface of language, memory, and perception.
• Amodal. i.e. independent of input or output modality.
*Feature-based theories of semantic memory:
•HIERARCHIAL organizations (ex. Collins & quinlan)
•Similar concepts.
Ex. Lion and tiger share similar features and would tend to be represented together (categorization as an emergent property) |
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Term
| Collin & Quinlan's Model of Hierarchial Org. |
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Definition
•WEB of associations in brain.
•Participants faster at classifying robin as a bird than as animal.-->
•assume that this is because animal is further up the hierarchy and takes longer to access.
However, can also be explained by FREQUENCY OF CO-OCCURRENCE between concepts -->
(robin-bird occur more frequently together than robin-animal.)
Not all concepts have hierarchial relationship.
Ex. Truth, justice, law.
*Most contemporary models do not assume hierarchial. |
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Term
| Categorization of Concepts |
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Definition
•We group SIMILAR things into categories.
•Some = GENETICALLY PREDETERMINED to be categorized.
•patients who LOST all knowledge of INANIMATE objects, but PRESERVED memory of ANIMALS, FOOD, & FLOWERS.
*Sensory vs. functional distinction:
*SENSORY = defined by sensory (ex. Visual) properties. Animals. -->
*******ABOUT knowledge = stored.
*FUNCTIONAL = defined by functional attributes. INANIMATE objects. WHAT it’s used for = stored.
*semantic categories differ in the extent to which functional vs. sensory info is represented. |
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Term
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Definition
Food: is represented categorically.
Colors: NAME, but NOT RETRIEVE them.
*Possible to have selective difficulties in particular knowledge domains that do not reveal themselves as other category effects.
*Body parts:
• AUTOPAGNOSIA = trouble localizing body parts on themselves, on pics, or on others.
Actions & Verbs:
• Action = semantic memory.
• Verb = grammatical property.
*Proper names:
• PROPER NAME ANOMIA = severe difficulties in retrieving proper names.
*Numbers: argued that number knowledge is a true categorical distinction. |
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Term
| Understanding & Producing Sentences |
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Definition
*PARSING = process of assigning a SYNTACTIC structure to words.
*GARDEN PATH sentences = sentence in which the early part BIASES SYNTACTIC INTERPRETATION that turns out to be incorrect.
• Ex. The horse raced past the barn fell.
*PHONOLOGICAL ST MEMORY STORE: *may assist syntactic parsing. |
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Term
| Is Broca’s aphasia a syntactic disorder? |
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Definition
| • Agrammatism: loss of grammar |
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Term
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Definition
*Freudian slip: substitution of one word for another that is sometimes thought to reflect the hidden intentions of the speaker.
*Malapropisms: speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word.
*Spoonerisms: speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words.
*Tip of the tongue: person knows the word that he/she wants to say, but is unable to retrieve the corresponding spoken form.
*Anomia: word-finding difficulties. |
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Term
| Model of Spoken Word Retrieval & criticisms. |
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Definition
1. Retrieve modality-independent word-level entry that SPECIFIES THE SYNTACTIC COMPONENTS of the word. -->
Ex. Grammatical class. LEMMA representations.
2. Retrieval of LEXEME. = phonological code that drives articulation.
*Criticism of Levalt’s model:
• Lexeme access without lemma access.
• SJD had difficulty in writing verbs relative to nouns, but had no difficulty with producing spoken nouns and verbs. -->
*suggests that grammatical info is independently represented in speaking and spelling. -->
**opposite of Levalt.
*good evidence for SEP. B/W GRAMMATICAL & PHONOLOGICAL knowledge of single words. |
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Term
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Definition
*syllables = basic unit of articulation. As argued.
ARTICULATION DISORDERS = damage to BASAL GANGLIA &/OR INSULA CORTEX, but not nec Broca’s area.
*Apraxia for speech: difficulties in shaping the vocal tract.
*Dysarthria: damage to CEREBELLUM & LEFT BASAL GANGLIA lesions. *impaired muscular contractions of the articulatory apparatus. |
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