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Definition
| more than just abstract measure of attitudes, a predictor of how we would act in spontaneous situations |
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Term
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Definition
| describing a face impairs you otherwise effortless ability to recognize a face; left hemisphere(verbal), right hemisphere(visual) so when asked to describe something your brain must from left to right |
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| What is Insight and insight problems |
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Definition
with logic problems, explaining yourself helps, but with insight problems, this wrecks you
Example: ask professional basketball player to take 10 second prep time before shooting a free throw, they do worse |
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Definition
| expertise (thin/ slicing) |
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| How does choice influence consumer decision making |
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Definition
| Truly successful decision making relies on a balance between deliberate and instinctive thinking |
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| More on consumer choice influence |
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Definition
-choice is bad when dealing with minor options
-too many choices paralyze the consumer
-What you’re striving to do is get to the point that your unconscious is an expert and you’re attempting to only use deliberation when necessary |
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| Sensation transference experiment |
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Definition
| strong consumer preference for a low quality brandy over a high quality but equally expensive brandy |
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Definition
| looks good, taste good (people base things off of presentation) |
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| Influence of expertise on cognition |
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Definition
| people who are experts in various fields tend to be able to overcome these biases |
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| Reason for expertise on cognition |
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Definition
| as we become more of an expert in something, our taste grows more esoteric and complex |
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Term
| why is it difficult to gage public reaction to new and different things |
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Definition
-people have a tendency to think of things that are different as ugly
-things that are new and different are often thought of as bad by the general public
-we dont know how to consciously explain our feelings, experts dont have this problem |
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| Examples of influence of extreme arousal on cognition |
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Definition
| Amadou Diallo shot by police 41 times while reaching for his wallet |
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| 3 fatal mistakes of influence on extreme arousal on cognition |
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Definition
-rapid cognition- continually make predictions and interference about what others are thinking/feelin/doing
-werent able to read mind and acted only on their instincts
-assumed dangerous |
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Definition
| for heightening performance occurs when the heart beats at a rate between 115 and 145 bpm; at 175 total breakdown of cognitive processing, forebrain shuts down and the mid brain takes over |
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| 5 reasons cognitive psychologist are interested in the study of language |
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Definition
-unique form of abstraction which heart of cognition
-major impact on the form of representation of information in memory
-the chief form of human information exchange
-one means to think about external events internally
-influences perception, which we obtain the basic data for cognition |
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Definition
| study the structure of language, developmental psychologist, how we learn to use things |
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| psychologist study language use; cognitive psychologist, interested in language performance, linguistics interested in language competency |
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Definition
phonemic
syntactic
semantic
pragmatic |
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Definition
| Phoneme- a single speech sound that can be represented by a single symbol, the basic unit of spoken language |
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Definition
| smallest unit of meaning, combining morphemes produce words, but there are rules governing combinations |
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Definition
| every language has a different syntax though many syntaxes are similar(spanish and portuguese) |
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Definition
| the study of the meaning, words to convey meaning; psychologist are most interested in this level of language as this the point where information transmission occurs |
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Definition
| the least studied aspects of language |
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Term
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Definition
| consisted of both phrase structural rules to create utterances and transformational rule to modify utterances |
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| 3 ideas that compromise linguistic (transformational grammar) |
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Definition
surface structure is the outward apperance of utterance
-deep structure is the underlying form (meaning)of an utterance
-transformation rules can be used to change either surface or deep structure (meaning can be realized in many different way, no previous theory captured this idea) |
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Definition
| the three ideas that chomsky referred to |
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Definition
| the outward appearance of an utterance |
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Definition
| underlying form(meaning) of an utterance; we dont remember what was said we remember the meaning |
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Definition
| multiple word meaning probably occurs rapidly; selection of appropriate meanings follows shortly thereafter |
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Term
| lexical access (multiple word meanings initially accessed) experiment |
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Definition
| read a sentence “they need a new sink,” pronounce a probe word that follows directly after, “tap” (noun related swim) and “swim” (verb related) |
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Term
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Definition
| People spend the most time at the beginning and end or passages, and less time on sentences in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| First and last, disambiguate the preceding word; reading a story about a band then see the word bass, read it as base or pause |
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Term
| Broca’s aphasia (anterior or expressive aphasia) |
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Definition
| results from a lesion in anterior region of the brain, tip of the tongue phase: speech is halting and labored due to damage to parts of the brain that handle production, normal IQ: think normally, but can never find the right words, better to have this kind coming out of it |
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Term
| Wernicke’s aphasia (posterior) |
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Definition
| results from lesions to temporal or parietal cortex, posterior region, receptive or fluent aphasia, its victims have problems understanding, yet produce, fluid, meaningless utterances, speech is word salad |
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Term
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Definition
| a deficit in the ability to produce and comprehend grammatical sentences is also apparent in the aphasics (Broca’s aphasia) |
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Term
| Why are 7 year olds impacted by phonological similarity when 3-5 year olds |
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Definition
3-5 years old, not impacted by phonological similarity between the names of the items (production deficiency)
-The words sound the same so 7 year olds used that as a memory strategy |
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Term
| The relationship between cerebral shrinkage and age |
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Definition
Shrinkage in specific brain regions with significant individual differences
-Hippocampus (memory) and cerebellum in particular showed acceleration trends
-“Superagers” 10% of the population, at 80 have cortex levels similar to that from the 50-65 age group
-Education is NOT a factor |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes we use to think about evidence, make influences, and reach conclusions; a form of higher order cognition |
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Term
| What are the subcomponents of judgment |
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Definition
Induction
deduction
normative models
descriptive models
heuristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which one begins with specific facts/observations and draws some general conclusion to them; detective using clues, bottom-up process |
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Definition
| a situation in which one begins with some general statement and figures out what specific claims reasonably follow from it; syllogisms all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal, top-down process |
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Definition
| how things ought to go; what people should do; provides baseline to compare actual performance… more the domain of statisticians |
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Definition
| how things are; what people actually do; what cognitive psychologists are interested in, involves strategy selection |
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Term
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Definition
| availability, representativeness, simulation, biases: hindsight (knew it all along), confirmation, and anchoring |
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Term
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Definition
| based on ease of retrieval, if instances come quickly to mind, they are likely to be frequent in experience (frequency and recent) |
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Term
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Definition
| a short cut; a strategy that risks error to gain efficiency (speed) |
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Term
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Definition
we are more alert and more responsive to evidence that confirms our beliefs/conclusions than to evidence that might challenge them (prejudice)
--easier to process information that is consistent with our beliefs rather than opposed to them |
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Term
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Definition
| processing is influenced by your starting point; 80% art students vs. 20% technical students, all other information in the story is irrelevant |
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Term
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Definition
| assume that each member of a category is a representative of that category and has all its traits, “seen one, seen ‘em all,” (stereotype), be able to draw conclusions from a quite small sample |
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Definition
| mentally modeling a possible event, and basing likelihood on that model; we usually use representative heuristic unless causal information is provided, in which case we switch to this |
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Definition
| subjects seem to approach these issues like a detective would treat a suspect (with more info, likelihood of guilt increases), the more we know about someone the more likely we are to ascribe to specific beliefs relative to general ones |
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Term
| Four main features of all problems |
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Definition
-A goal or description of what constitutes a solution
-A description of objects relevant to achieving a solution
-A set of operations or allowable actions toward a solution
-A set of constraints not to be violated |
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Definition
| strategy in reformulation |
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Definition
| a tendency to repeat a solution process that has succeeded previously, people tend to stick with a set solution even when an easier one is available (water jar problems) |
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Definition
| treating an object as having only one function; not thinking creatively (mounting a candle to the wall) |
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Definition
| a new solution to an old problem, when it has never been solved before, and when we recognize it as such |
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Term
| Four steps to the creative process |
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Definition
Preparation= setting aside
Incubation= setting aside
Illumination= achieving insight
Verification= checking solution |
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Term
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Definition
| some sort of time away from thinking or interruption seems to help with problem solving |
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| Interruption helps because… |
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Definition
Recovery from fatigue
-Forget inappropriate approaches
-Reorganization
-Breaking out of inappropriate mental set |
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Term
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Definition
| the finding that reaction times are faster when stimulus and response occur at the same location (same visual/response field) |
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Term
| How to improve the comprehensibility of messages |
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Definition
Physical change from male to female voice is novel and easy to detect
-Details given with minimum negation
-Details are repeated in an easy to understand way (influences memory)
-Message is given as though from an authoritative figure (gets people to listen) and reasons are given for instructions |
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Term
| How and why cell phone use affects driving |
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Definition
| It’s the cognitive demands, not the physical ones, that are dangerous |
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Term
| How cognition is manipulated in advertising |
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Definition
-Most important predictor of the success of an advertisement is repetition (occurring over a long period of time… disturbed practice)
-Incorrect inferences often occur
-Distinctiveness, so the signal stands out amongst noise
-Standard add time reduced from 45 to 30 seconds |
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Term
| Speed reading, is it possible |
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Definition
-Speed reading is NOT possible
-The eyes cannot take in 1500 wpm no matter what
-Can teach you how to identify and skip unimportant stuff, which in turn could speed up overall reading |
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Term
| The influence of setting goals on performance |
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Definition
| People perform better when they set high goals (90% correct on the test) relative to standard goals (do my best), this has been shown to work in the workplace too |
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Term
| -How underlining information affects memory |
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Definition
Taking notes in class or underlining in books does NOT help on tests unless you study them later
-Just the process of doing this does not ensure success or enhanced attention |
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Term
| Cognitive shortcuts to determining brain laterality |
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Definition
-Almost all right handers are left verbal
-Lefties make up 8% of the population, about 60% are verbal left, 40% reversed
-Laterality influences handwriting, especially amongst lefties (normal or hookers) |
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Definition
| believe family members are imposters, no emotional arousal when view photos of them |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke in parietal lobe, one visual field no longer matters |
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