Term
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Definition
1) Brain
a) Cerebrum
b) Subcortical Structures
c) Brainstem
d) Cerebellum
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Term
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Definition
1) Perception and discrimination of sensory info
2) Regulation of processes e.g. respiration and heartbeat
3) Emotional expression
4) Organization and regulation of behavior
5) Cognitive processes – thinking, remembering, and comprehending
6) Language |
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Term
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Definition
Bones of the Skull
Spinal Column
Meninges |
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Term
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Definition
a) Membranes below the bone
i) Dura (outer most)
(1) Falx cerebri – separates cerebral hemispheres
(2) Tentorium cerebelli – separates cerebellum from occipital and temporal lobes
(3) Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres, may act as a guillotine and sever midbrain or brainstem tissues
ii) Arachnoid (middle)
iii) Pia (inner most) |
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Term
Potential Spaces during Injury |
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Definition
Two spaces may collect blood or CSF after injury causing Hematomas
o Epidural – space between bone and dura mater
o Subdural – space between dura mater and arachnoid
Increased fluid compresses the brain tissues and increases the pressure
Compression can lead to cell damage or loss |
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Term
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Definition
a) Cerebral Hemispheres
b) Basal Ganglia
c) Olfactory tract
d) Rhinencephalon
e) Lateral Ventricles, part of Third Ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
i) Controls visceral nervous system- stimulates contraction of muscle fibers
ii) Regulates body temperature, thirst, appetite
iii) Exerts neural control over the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones
iv) Emotional behavior- aggression and escape behavior
v) Part of the Limbic System
c) Pituitary gland
d) Optic tract
e) Third Ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
a) Does the work of the nervous system by transmitting electrical signals, neural impulses, to:
i) Glands
ii) Muscles
iii) Other Neurons |
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Term
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Definition
a) Receives neural stimuli
b) Transmits info toward the soma (cell body)
c) Shorter appearance with numerous projections |
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Term
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Definition
a) Transmits info away from soma
b) Long single fiber ranging in length from micrometers to two meters
c) Greater the diameter the greater the velocity of the impulse
d) Myelin- a coating on some axons which speeds up neural conduction
e) Terminal end boutons- synaptic vesicles which produces neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
Located within the brain stem
Function: sleep and arousal, some control of movement through connections with spinal cord and cerebellum, transmission of information in pain pathways |
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Term
Limbic System
1) Amygdala |
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Definition
Controls aggressive behavior and facilitates understanding and responding to social signals – pragmatics |
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Term
Limbic system
Hypothalamus |
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Definition
Regulates bodily processes, the pituitary gland, and mediates pleasure |
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Term
Limbic system
Hippocampus |
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Definition
a) A subcortical structure, seahorse shaped structure found at the tip of the temporal lobe
b) Facilitates memory for new information
c) Damage can cause anterograde amnesia, an inability to remember new information |
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Term
Obstructions of Cerebrovascular Flow |
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Definition
1) Thrombosis – obstruction
2) Embolism – moving clot
3) Aneurysm – dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
i) Object penetrates the skull possibly carrying debris
ii) Low Velocity – concentrated force causes a fracture of the skull with debris entering wound
iii) High Velocity – a projectile enters brain causing destruction of tissues surrounding the projectile’s path |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage caused by blunt forceful blow or shaking of the brain within the skull |
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Term
| Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration |
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Definition
(1) Three possibilities
(a) Moving object hits a movable head
(b) Moving head hits a stationary object
(c) Head is shaken violently |
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Term
| Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration Linear Velocity |
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Definition
| Brain moves along a linear path causing damage at the site of impact (coup) and at the opposite side of impact (contrecoup), may cause damage to anterior and inferior frontal and temporal lobes |
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Term
| Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration Angular Acceleration |
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Definition
| Brain rotates at an angle causing abrasions, lacerations, and shearing/twisting forces resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI), hemorrhage, and cranial nerve trauma |
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Term
| Closed head nonacceleration |
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Definition
| (1) Moving object hits a fixed position head, skull is deformed at site of impact and is pushed against brain surface |
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Term
| Secondary Damage Hemorrhage |
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Definition
(1) Extracerebral – Bleeding into the meninges
(2) Intracerebral – Bleeding into brain tissues associated with DAI |
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Term
| Secondary Damage Cerebral Edema |
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Definition
| Accumulation of fluid between the brain and the skull, within the ventricles, or within brain tissue. Common around primary site of impact, but may be throughout the brain in DAI. Contributes to increased intracranial pressure. |
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Term
| Secondary Damage Intracranial Pressure |
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Definition
| An increase in the pressure within the skull. Brain is compressed and displaced leading to herniation of tissue through orifices or against bony processes |
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Term
| Secondary Damage Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage |
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Definition
| Reduced oxygenation and blood supply to the brain can result from increased intracranial pressure, injury to the cardiopulmonary system, and cerebral vasospasm. Hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortical watershed areas are most vulnerable |
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Term
| Secondary Damage Seizures |
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Definition
| Early-onset seizures occur within the first week and do not predict epilepsy. Late-onset seizures occur after first week, and two or more seizures constitutes epilepsy which complicates recovery and community integration |
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Term
| Neurological Disorders Associated with Cognitive Impairments |
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Definition
| TBI, Stroke, Hypoxic-hypotensive injury, Encephalitis and other infectious diseases, Brain tumors |
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Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Focal |
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Definition
a) Damage in one focused location
b) Effect is dependent on size, location, and depth
c) Commonly results from cerebrovascular events, neoplasms or tumors, brain abscesses, focal trauma from a penetrating injury |
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Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Multifocal |
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Definition
a) Damage occurs in several distinct locations, multiple distributed occurrences
b) May occur as a result from any of the above focal lesion injuries
c) Impairment is greatest when injuries are bilateral instead of unilateral and when they occur simultaneously instead of staggered over time |
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Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Diffuse |
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Definition
a) Affects widely distributed areas of the brain
b) May occur as result of acceleration-deceleration injuries, hypoxic-ischemic injuries, and metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders
c) Diffuse axonal injury in TBI |
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Term
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Definition
| determine fractures, calcified tumors or blood vessels, foreign bodies, tumors involving the skull, and evidence of raised intracranial pressure |
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Term
| Computed Tomography (CT scan) |
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Definition
| allows direct visualization of intracranial soft tissues, as well as bone, ventricles, subarachnoid spaces, orbits, sinuses, and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| Produces three dimensional reconstructed images of the brain and surrounding skull, more detailed imaging than CT scans/finds small lesions in brainstem and other deep structures |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) |
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Definition
| dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism, and other chemical processes while patient is engaged in different activities. Not widely available used mostly for research. |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Images provide information of brain function based upon the flow of oxygenated blood to areas of the brain. Active areas of the brain require more oxygen which results in an increase of oxygenated blood flowing to the area. |
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