Term
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Definition
The systematic gathering of knowledge
about the world and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories. |
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Definition
| A plan or statement of intentions about a course action or inaction intended to accomplish some end. |
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Definition
A struggle among competing interest
groups as they strive to shape public policy to suit their own agendas. |
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Term
| In choosing between policy alternatives where should preference be given? |
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Definition
| To the policy with the greatest cumulative welfare and least negative impacts. i.e. Rational choice |
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Term
| Why is rational choice typically not employed in policy making? |
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Definition
1.Conflicting views are not comparable 2.Policy makers not motivated by societal goals.
3. Lg. investments create path dependence.
4. Segmented nature of large bureaucracies makes it difficult to coordinate decision making.
6. Few broad social goals are agreed upon |
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Term
| Define: Environmental Law |
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Definition
| Body of rules, decisions, and actions concerning environmental quality, natural resources, and ecological sustainability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal documents enacted by legislative branch declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something. |
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Definition
| Derived from court decisions in both civil and criminal cases. |
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Term
| Define: Administrative Law |
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Definition
| Rises from executive orders, admin rules and regs, and enforcement decisions in which statutes passed by legislature are interpreted in specific applications and individual cases. |
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Term
| What catastrophe lead to the passage of 27+ federal laws for environmental protection in the 1970s? |
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Definition
| A massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, CA in 1969. |
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Term
| What laws prohibited people from disposing of hazardous materials, etc. on their own property before 1960? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who enacts state or federal laws? |
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Definition
| Executive Branch (Governor or President} |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the judicial branch and how is it related to case laws? |
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Definition
| The judicial branch interprets the meaning and constitutionality of statutes. The first judge to make a ruling on a certain statute sets precedent to be used as an example in subsequent trails. |
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Term
| What are the major problems with international treaties and conventions on environmental policy? |
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Definition
1.Most are vague
2.Most nations are unwilling to give up sovereignty
3.International court has no enforcement powers |
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Term
| What is the MOST important characteristic of natural systems? |
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Definition
| Their resilience; flexibility is more important than strength. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where land and water meet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the coastal ocean (or Great Lake) as well as the portion of land adjacent to the coast that influences coastal waters. |
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Term
| Why is the coastal zone important? |
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Definition
| 1. Highly productive biological communities 2. Human Use (i.e. oysters, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the U.S. Gulf and East Coasts? |
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Definition
wide
continental shelf; broad, flat coastal plain, high sediment flow from rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes all land that yield substantial storm-water runoff directly to coastal waters via streams, storm drains, or overland flow. |
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Term
| Where and what is the 100 year flood level? |
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Definition
| Lower boundary of the coastal uplands that has a 1% chance of flooding in the current year if it flooded in the previous year. |
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Term
| What problems occur when coastal uplands are developed? |
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Definition
| Storm-water is unable to be distributed properly and floods the developed area. Heavy metals, excess nutrients, etc being to build up in the ground water. |
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Term
| Define: Coastal Floodlands |
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Definition
| Portion of the coastal floodplain that lies above the yearly reach of tides and is sporadically struck by storm waves and flooded by storm tides. |
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Term
| What coastal region is most attractive for development and why? |
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Definition
| Coastal floodlands, b/c it is flat and accessible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas along the shore where vegetation grows that can tolerate saturated salty soil and remove silt, toxic chemicals, and excess nutrients from the water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The seaward edges of marine terraces, shaped by waves and currents, and uplifted from the ocean floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form on high-energy coasts where mountains meet the ocean or glaciers have removed fine-grained sediment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of dunes, sand ridges, and flats b/t the upper line of the beach and higher ground. Extend landward as far as the land is subject to active gain or loss of sand. |
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Term
| What is the important of salt marshes? |
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Definition
| Act as a natural water filter by removing toxins, excess nutrients, etc. from the water. |
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Term
| What is the importance of coastal uplands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of dunelands? |
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Definition
| Serve as a storm surge buffer and are a source of sand for the beach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unvegetated face of the shoreline that extends from the annual highest tide mark to the annual lowest tide mark. |
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Term
| What are the typical zones of a barrier island? |
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Definition
| Sandy beach, frontal & secondary dunes, interior wetlands & maritime forest, a backshore zone, and a lagoon or sound that separates the island from the mainland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly productive ecosystems with a highly variant salinity gradient located where a river meets the ocean. |
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Term
| What types of habitats are found in coastal waters? |
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Definition
| Seagrass beds, Coral reefs, kelp forests, etc. |
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Term
| What are the major forces that shape the coastal zone? |
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Definition
| Wind, waves, currents, tides, hurricanes, tropical storms, sea level rise, |
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Term
| How does wind shape the coastal zone? |
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Definition
1. Moves sediment
2. Generates waves & currents
3. Storm winds uproot vegetation and damage the existing environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waves are generated when the surface of the ocean is disturbed by wind, tides, and/or seismic activity. |
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Term
| How do waves shape the coastal zone? |
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Definition
| Have a large impact on sediment transfer. |
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Term
| What factors determine wave height? |
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Definition
| Wind velocity, duration, & fetch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be caused by breaking waves, wind, rotation of the Earth, temp, salinity, and/or tides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rise and fall of the ocean caused by the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun. |
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Term
| How do tides effect the coastal zone? |
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Definition
| Move sediment and influence the zonation of coastal organisms and landforms. |
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Term
| How do hurricanes and tropical storms shape the coastal zone? |
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Definition
| High winds and storm surge. (~8.5/year) |
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Term
| What are the names of the Great Lakes and how big are they? |
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Definition
| Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, & Superior. 18% of the Earth's freshwater. 10,000 miles of shoreline. |
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Term
| What percentage of the US population lives in coastal counties? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do so many people live on the coastline? |
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Definition
| Transport, fishing, oil, gas, retirement. |
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Term
| How is the coastal zone divided into jurisdictions? |
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Definition
| State Water (0-3NM), Territorial Sea (0-12NM), Contiguous Zone (12-24NM), Exclusive Economic Zone (12-200NM). |
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Term
| Who has jurisdiction over right of movement on navigable waters? |
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Definition
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