Term
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Definition
| Competition, Diffidence, Glory |
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Term
| 3 Types of International Organizations |
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Definition
IGO (Intergovernmental Org)
NGO (Non-Governmental Org)
MNC (Multi-National Corp) |
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Term
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Definition
Realist- Military security most important
Liberal- No heirarchy of issues (nothing is more important)
Radical- Focus on power and wealth above all (Economics most important) |
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Term
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Definition
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
-Introduced the ABM Treaty |
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Term
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Definition
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
-Limited each side to 6k strategic weapons and 1600 delivery vehicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce weapons to 3k and eliminate MIRVS, Dead because we broke ABM |
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Term
| Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty |
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Definition
| Reduced weapons 1700-2200 |
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Term
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Definition
| No Timetable, after 2012 can rebuild, de alert status |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
-Non nuclear states stay non
-Nuke state can't help non become nuclear
-Nuke states must help nons with peaceful energy
-Must make progress toward total nuke disarmament |
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Term
| Additional Protocol (93 + 2 Program) |
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Definition
| Gave IAEA Ability to do environmental checks, and unnanounced inspections, and could use remote cameras and other monitoring devices |
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Term
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Definition
| Given to Iran bu Russia, LW reactor, US Worried Iran could gain expertise |
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Term
| Natanz (Covert U Enrichment Program) |
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Definition
| Iran had a covert 160 centrifuges, and were building 1000 more (2 nukes P/y) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plans for heavy water reactor, could be completed by 2009. Would give Iran nukes with plutonium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No enforcement or verification mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| Require you to declare your chemical weapons and destroy them. Takes a long time to destroy |
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Term
| CTR (Cooperative Threat Reduction) |
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Definition
| Assisted russia in acquiring weapons from break up. Department of Defense |
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Term
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Definition
Material Protection Control and Accounting Program.
-Lab to Lab, Proved 1B dollars a year for security fixes to facilities in Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| US To provide 10 billion over 10 years, while rest of G8 collectively does the same. |
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Term
| Motivations for terrorism against the USA |
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Definition
| Fatwas made by bin laden, relative deprivation, reactions to western influence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 reasons given by Bin Laden against USA |
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Definition
1. US Occuption of arabian penninsula (Mecca)
2. Brutalization of Iraq (Gulf War)
3. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| One's own recognition that you are poor compared to others |
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Term
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Definition
Dominant strain of Sunni Islam
-Extreme fundamentalist beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| Schools funded by rich Saudis, teach wahhabism |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan Al-Banna, mother party of all muslim extremist groups |
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Term
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Definition
-Intellectual grandfater of Bin Laden
-Lived in America for 2 years
Justified war with anyone associeated with US
-Very influential writings in Islam
-Viwed as official philosopher of Jihad |
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Term
| Organization of Al-Queda pre-9/11 |
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Definition
-Bin Laden moved regime from Sudan to Afghanistan in 1996
-Centralized, small number of people who provided all funding and planning, used madrassas as stepping stones for full out terrorist training camps |
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Term
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Definition
Bin Laden (300 million inheritance)
-Front Companies, Drug Trade, Diamond Trade, Organized Crime |
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Term
| When you graduate from terrorist school.... |
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Definition
| Put into cells which infiltrate various countries |
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Term
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Definition
| Group that sets up camp but does nothing violent for a while |
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Term
| Al-Queda structure post 9/11 |
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Definition
| -Loose strucute, virtual base (Internet) |
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Term
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Definition
| People who initially entered a terrorst group based on ideology but then become more adept at advancing the state of the group and they end up becoming motivated by different goals instead of their ideology |
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Term
| What changes did Al-Queda make in their Issues with US? |
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Definition
| Began incorporating Palestine in order to recruit new members |
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Term
| 3 steps to fighting terrorism |
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Definition
1. Fight immediate causes (Kill, eliminate weapons and funds)
2. Increase homeland security
3. Address initial causes (why do they hate us) |
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Term
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Definition
| British said they would support a Jewish home in the territory of Palestine as long as it did not harm the civil and religious practices of non-jews, ONLY A TERRITORY NOT A STATE |
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Term
| UN Committee on Palestine |
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Definition
| Divised plan to divide territory into a jewish state and an arab state and an international zone that included Jerusalem, Jews accepted Arabs didn't |
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Term
| 1948 War and the jewish state |
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Definition
| Jews declare sovereignty....5 countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraw) attack. Arabs fled intending to come back after Jews were defeated. Jews won and doubled territory with victory. Jordan annexxed west bank, Egypt took Gaza |
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Term
| Why did Israel move capital from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem? |
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Definition
| Ensure Jerus stayed in possession, and much religios roots and importance |
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Term
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Definition
-Israel allowed 150k arabs return
-Reunite families
-700k left though |
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Term
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Definition
| Provided free and automatic citizenship to any jew |
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Term
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Definition
-Viewed as potential hitler by west
-Soviets provided him with weapons
- Built up forces in Sinai Penninsula
- Egyptian president |
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Term
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Definition
Nasser Nationalized the Suez Canal, so Britan and France made deal with Israelis. They would step in if Israel attacked Nasser---->
Israel conquered Gaza and Sinai within a few days, and Brits and Frensh invaded Suez canal |
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Term
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Definition
-Nasser again built up army in Sinai
-Signed pact with Jordan and Syria
-Israel preemptively attacks Egypt and Syria, Jordan jumps in, Israel won in 6 days |
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Term
| What did Israel gain in 6 day war? |
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Definition
Egypt- Sinai Penninsula
Syra- West Bank
Jordan- Golan Heights |
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Term
| Golan Heights (Why was it important) |
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Definition
| Perfect position for launching weapons |
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Term
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Definition
Surprise attack by Egypt and Syria
-Ariel Sharon cut off Suez canal and cut off Egyptian supplies, Isreal even gained land from Syria, and won the war |
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Term
Summary of wars:
1948 War
1956 war
1967 6 day war
1973 Yom Kippur War |
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Definition
1948- Israel vs. Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraw, Syria
1956 war Israel (Britain and France) Vs. Egypt
6 day war- Israel vs. Egypt Syria and Jordan
Israel vs Egypt Syria |
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Term
| Geneva 1974 (First palestinian israeli peace conference) |
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Definition
| Agreement to disengage forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry Kissenger shuttled back and forth between Israel and Palestinians to make agreement |
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Term
| What did Israeli-Palestine disengagement call for? |
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Definition
Israeli troops withdraw several miles into the sinai penninsula
-Egyptian troops reoccupy the west bank of the suex canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Eqyptian SADAT, and Israel BEGIN. Overseen by jimmy carter |
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Term
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Definition
| Arab uprising (1987 and 2000) |
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Term
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Definition
First time Palestinians acknowledged Israels right to exist
- PLO led by Yassir Arafat
-Wanted Palestinian state, and unlimited returno f Arabs to this state |
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Term
| What territory would Arabs get in Oslo Accords? |
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Definition
| - Would get all of Gaza, East Jerusalem, and 95% of west bank |
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Term
| Why did Oslo Accords Fail? |
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Definition
Sparks second Intifiada.
Mainly due to Arafat. Wanted 100% of west Bank |
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Term
| 1995 Israeli-PLO Agreement |
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Definition
-Transition to Palestinian self rule in west bank
-Given power to rule themselves
-Technically part of Israel still though |
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Term
| 1994 Israeli treaty with Jordan |
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Definition
| Ended state of war (1948 war) between 2 countries |
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Term
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Definition
Built by sharon in order to stop Arabs from entering Israel
-Ended Intifada, dropped terrorist attacks to zero in aread protected by it |
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Term
| Kadima Party (Started by Ariel Sharon) |
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Definition
-Obj. to solve Israeli-Palestinian conflict Uni-Laterally.
-Wanted 2 state resolution |
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Term
| What did Sharon want to do? |
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Definition
Withdraw from Palestinian territory and basically give them a state based on clinton plan.
Then he had a stroke, and the initiative died |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hezbollah attacked Israel and kidnapped people (killed 1000) |
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Term
| Definition of Intervention |
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Definition
| External actions that influence domestic affairs of another state |
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Term
| International Criminal Court (ICC) |
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Definition
Ad Hoc courts for the specific case
-internatoinal body that can try a single person. A member cannot be tried if their home state has a viable court system |
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Term
| Arguments for Intervention |
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Definition
1. US Values = Interests
2. Failure to risk casualties is weakness
3. Failing states are hotbeds for terrorists
4. In most cases, US is only state capable |
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Term
| Arguments against Intervention |
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Definition
1. Commitment of money and lives
2. Slippery slope
3. Issue of Sovereignty |
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Term
| When is it OK for US to intervene? |
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Definition
When number of deaths far exceeds murder rate in US.
When a multi-lateral and military sound operation can be formed at moderate risk to the troops |
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Term
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Definition
| Can manage another country without going to war |
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Term
| Problems and Limits of sanctions |
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Definition
1. Can hurt yourself (Oil)
2. Can place a burden on citizens of the country instead of the government |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut off Money and supplies and cause enough pain that the country changes thei actions |
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Term
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Definition
Build up ties with the country
US AND CHINA |
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Term
| 2 Criteria for sanctions to be successful |
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Definition
1. Sufficiency- Must be harsh enough to have an impact
2. Economics where can country be impacted economically?
3. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Greatest crime known to man
2. Implies killing of humans for racial, ethnic, religious, etc reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| Obligates parties to intervene in instances of genocide |
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Term
| Examples of genocide that have occurred |
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Definition
-Cambodia
-Sebs ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Croatia
-Kosovo by Serbs
-Rwanda |
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Term
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Definition
| Darfur is part of Sudan, longest civil war in Africs |
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Term
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Definition
Fur, Masalit, Zaghawa
-Govt have favored Arabs (Janjaweed is arab military) |
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Term
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Definition
Sudan Liberation Army and Justice Equality Movement
-Attacked the govt who supported the Janjaweed |
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Term
| What happened after SLA and JEM attack? |
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Definition
| Janjaweed attacked SLA and JEM with Govt support. 400k dead, 2.5 million displaced |
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Term
| What has international community done in Darfur? |
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Definition
| Not much, US only country to declare it as genocide. UN approved peacekeeping force, but Sudan refused. |
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Term
| Why do Smaller countries rely so heavily on trade? |
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Definition
-Not diversified Economies
-Don't have capabilities to manufacture on their own |
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Term
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Definition
Economic interdependence leads to peace.
Can increase world prosperity |
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Term
| How does everyone benefit? |
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Definition
| Creates jobs for corps. Provides goods otherwise unavailable. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Trade Deficits
2. Exploitation
3. Outsourcing |
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Term
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Definition
| Where individual states regulate trade in order to advance various aspects of national interest |
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Term
| Why is Mercantilism necessary? |
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Definition
| Can be very bad for the economy if people only buy foreign goods |
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Term
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Definition
| When a country imports more than it exports? National consumption exceeds production |
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Term
| If the US has such a big Trade Deficit why have we not ran out of money |
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Definition
Because a lot of our money is in the purchasing of oil from the middle east
These countries then use the money gained and invest it in US companies which returns the money to us |
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Term
|
Definition
People are exploited
However the argument can be made that while they have it bad they still have it better than they did to start with |
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Term
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Definition
It costs companies less to pay workers outside the US to do the same jobs
Takes away from Domestic Jobs |
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Term
| What options are there in Trade Policy |
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Definition
1. Protectionism
2. Non- Tariff Barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| Employing some sort of mechanism to protect certain areas of a states economy |
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Term
| Primary Method of protectionism: Tariffs |
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Definition
| Taxes on imports. Leads to tariff "arms races" led to creation of WTO |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates trade, tarriff rates, can say that countries violated agreements |
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Term
| What can the WTO do to a country that does not follow agreements |
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Definition
| They punish them by allowing every other country to raise tariffs on that country |
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Term
|
Definition
1. VERs
2. Export Subsidies |
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Term
| VERs ( Voluntary Export Restraints ) |
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Definition
| Where a state agrees to voluntarily limit exports to a certain country |
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Term
| Why would a government voluntarily limit exports |
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Definition
In reality its not totally voluntary
Ex. US puts pressure on japan to limit there exports
So Japan passes laws that limit exports |
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Term
| What are Export Subsidies |
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Definition
| The government gives you money which allows you to export things that normally would be getting undercut and you do not lose money |
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Term
| Why use export subsidies? |
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Definition
| It allows countries to build up certain parts of the economy by not making it a free/fair economy |
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Term
| Problems with Export Subsidies |
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Definition
| When you “stack the deck” it essentially makes your companies less productive which is not good in the long run |
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Term
| What is Financial Capital |
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Definition
Money
Stocks
Bonds
Loans
Cash
Its what facilitates the movement of real resources like machinery, labor, and technology |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange money from one currency to another |
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Term
| Flow of Money among Major Developed Countries |
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Definition
MDCs make up 80% of worlds capital
80% of worlds goods and services are produced in these countries |
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Term
| 4 Patterns of Flow among these countries |
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Definition
1. Foreign Direct Investment
MNC with a joint ownership company in a foreign company
Occurs when the company makes a loan to the foreign affiliate
2. International Loans
Money lent by Commercial Banks to Foreign Private Corporations or governments
3. Foreign Portfolio Investment
When investers buy stock in a foreign corporation at the stock exchange of that country
4. International Currency Flow
Pay for exports and imports for goods and services and support other types of capital flow |
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Term
| Foreign Direct Investment |
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Definition
MNC with a joint ownership company in a foreign company
Occurs when the company makes a loan to the foreign affiliate |
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Term
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Definition
| Money lent by Commercial Banks to Foreign Private Corporations or governments |
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Term
| Foreign Portfolio Investment |
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Definition
| When investers buy stock in a foreign corporation at the stock exchange of that country |
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Term
| International Currency Flow |
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Definition
| Pay for exports and imports for goods and services and support other types of capital flow |
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Term
| Is Foreign Direct Investment Beneficial to LDCs? |
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Definition
Criticism is that it doesn’t foster a great deal of economic development because of exploitation of workers
However combined with other factors it can be effective |
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Term
|
Definition
Many times these loans don’t where there supposed to go which creates severe debt for the country
Larger amounts of GDP evaporate because of the requirement to pay these debts |
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Term
| How did this debt problem get started |
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Definition
Following WW2 many countries became independent
To build up economies you have to take out loans
At first countries were fine and made good use of the money
Following the Yom Kippur war however countries had a crisis because of increased war prices as a retaliation of the war
- the non oil producing countries were hit harder because they were fragile |
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Term
| Where is the greatest percentage of impoverished |
|
Definition
Africa
Largest sheer numbers are in Asia however due to overall population
1/4 of all people in LDCs are poor |
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Term
| What basic necessities do many countries lack? |
|
Definition
Education
Work
Food
Shelter |
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Term
|
Definition
In US poverty line is defined as making less than 17,650 a year per year for a family of 4
In US there is aid for these people but there is no similar aid in foreign countries |
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Term
| What is GDP ( Gross Domestic Product |
|
Definition
| The value of all goods and services produced in a country |
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Term
| What is GNP ( Gross National Product ) |
|
Definition
Begin with GDP and subtract transfers in and out of country
In US GDP is much larger than GNP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Many countries have lots of money leaving so they have much higher GDPs then GNPs |
|
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Term
| 3 Problems with Using GDP and GNP to measure poverty |
|
Definition
1. GDP and GNP give no info on quality of goods and services produced
2. Does not measure distribution of income
( some people are really rich and some really poor… which skews the data )
3. Does not take into account how far a dollar goes in a country |
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Term
| PPP ( Purchasing Power Parity ) |
|
Definition
Starts of with GDP
Convert to US dollars
Takes into account that it takes more dollars to buy goods in wealthy countries as opposed to LDCs
Estimates number of dollars required to purchase comparable goods in different countries |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gives us a more accurate measurement than GDP or GNP |
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Term
| Internal Causes of Underdevelopment |
|
Definition
Civil Wars/Ethnic Conflict
Weak education system
Rich/poor gap
Poor governance
Poor health systems |
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|
Term
| External Problems of underdevelopment |
|
Definition
Legacy of colonialism
Asymetrical trade relationships
Dependance on foreign aid
Some say “ system is inherently exploitative |
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Term
| 2 variables that influence a countries strategy for development |
|
Definition
1. If internal - focus its efforts on domestic political and social factors
2. If external - focus on relationship with international community |
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Term
| Modernization Theory (Internal Obstacles) |
|
Definition
The emergence of…
A Democracy
Rule of Law
Basic Rights and Freedoms
Emergence of Market Economy
Argues that the most important factors are economic, political, and cultural conditions |
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|
Term
| Traditional Societies (Modernization Theory) |
|
Definition
Rituals nd tradition passed from generation to generation.
-Aristocratic and religious authority
-Limited world view |
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Term
| Modern societies (Modernization theory) |
|
Definition
-Dynamic, and innovative
-Status through success
-Tolerate diversity
-see the whole world |
|
|
Term
| Death of Traditional Societies |
|
Definition
| Modernization theory says that traditional societies are the kryptonite to development |
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Term
| How does Modernization Theory Work |
|
Definition
Economic growth and democrication form a mutually reinforcing cycle
Industrialization, inreased education, and increased incomes all increase likelihood of political democracy reforms
Political democracy in turn protects and reinforces the market economy that’s necessary for development |
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Term
| Why does political democracy protect the market economy |
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Definition
| It insures that leaders do not decide to seize all of the assets of the middle class |
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Term
| Problems with Modernization Theory |
|
Definition
Creates a tremendous amount of social problems before the development can occur
Development in some areas can cause problems for others
Ex. To fix infant mortality rate you have lots of kids so they can work but this in turn causes the problem of overpopulation |
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Term
| Dependancy Theory ( external Obstacles ) |
|
Definition
Argues that international economic system is inherently biased against the south
Argue that LDCs are disadvantaged because of their dependancy on exported goods |
|
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Term
|
Definition
They provide the raw materials
The more developed countries then use these materials in manufactured goods and then export them back to the LDCs
And most of the profit is in the manufactured goods |
|
|
Term
| Problem with exporting only one good… |
|
Definition
Very vulnerable to price fluxuations
Cant develop because of this |
|
|
Term
| Arguments against Dependancy Theory |
|
Definition
1. A number of LDCs have managed to industrialize ex. India, Dubai, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Singapore
( they did this by entering the world market )
2. The plight of many primary exporting countries may not be as bad as dependancy theorist claim Ex. China’s industrialization
3. The LDCs own fault |
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Term
|
Definition
1. ISI ( Import Substitution Industrialization )
2. Export-Led Growth
3. State-Led Development
4. Collective Bargaining |
|
|
Term
| (ISI) Import Substitution Industrialization |
|
Definition
Fits into Dependancy Theory
Seeks to Promote domestic industries by reducing imports
Argues that LDCs should protect their economies from the developed countries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Makes exports more expensive
Once you have development you need to create intermediates ( the people that build machinery for your goods )
But the policies that help you at first hurt the intermediates |
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Term
|
Definition
Import substitution Industrialization is essentially not sustainable over time
Country cannot make enough money from exports to pay for imports
Usually ends up creating an even greater dependency |
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Term
|
Definition
Rejects claim by Dependancy theorists that it is impossible to get out of cycle of dependance
Assumes the trade will promote growth
States open their economies to the world and decrease the role of the state
Economic Liberals argue that this is responsible for growth in Asia |
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Term
|
Definition
Developed as an alterior explanation to development in Asia
Say government played a central role |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Countries that want the same things gather together
Strategy has been adopted by states that accept dependancy theory
They say radical change is needed to give themselves a chance |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Called for New International Economic Order ( NEO )
They wanted to exploit the norths need for their goods and turn it against them
They wanted to emulate the success of OPEC in collective bargaining |
|
|
Term
| Didn’t work (Group of 77) |
|
Definition
Was not disciplined so that everyone worked together
Because it was in each individual countries interest to sell to the more developed countries
Movement failed by the 80s |
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