Term
What is the difference between congenital and acquired communication disorders? |
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Definition
Congenital: born with
Acquired: developed due to diseases or accidents |
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Term
Two professions associated with the discipline of CMD? |
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Definition
Speech Language Pathology and Audiology |
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Term
What are the three different types of facts you study as a CMD major? |
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Definition
1. the study of human communication processes
2. (breakdowns) communication differences and disorders
3. the efficacy of practices involved in assessing and assisting individuals with communication differences and disorders |
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Term
What is the full name & acronym of the primary professional and scholarly organization in our field? |
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Definition
ASHA: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association |
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Term
How does lack of public knowledge affect our profession and our clients? How does this relate to some of the functions served by our professional organization? |
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Definition
Consumers want to know that health care professionals have received the appropriate level of training; audiology and SLP are regulated by ASHA. |
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Term
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Definition
- Providing standards for professional practice and ethical conduct
- Publishing professional journals
- Accreditation standards for academic programs
- Certification standards for individual professionals
- Promoting research initiatives
- Lobbying federal and state governments for benefit of consumers and professionals
- Informing the public about the value of our profession |
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Term
Name of pre-professional organization for students in CMD |
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Definition
National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Association |
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Term
Summarize the four academic and pre-professional requirements an individual should meet to become a certified SLP. |
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Definition
- Pass national standardized test (PRAXIS)
- Master's Degree from an accredited institution
- 375 clock hours; 25 observation hours
- supervised 9-month clinical fellowship year (CFY)
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Term
What is the difference between the Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC) and the license? |
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Definition
The license is given by the state in which a SPL wishes to practice in. It is required in order to open/work in a practice; each state requires their own license.
The CCC is important to have because it ensures the patients that the SPL has had all the necessary educational and practical requirements. Also, some health cares won't reimburse patients unless the SPL has a CCC or is supervised by a person holding the CCC. |
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Term
What are the two major components that make up the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the Nervous System broken into? |
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Definition
Central Nervous System & the Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
What are the four components of the CNS if we used a more detailed description? |
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Definition
Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem |
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Term
What is the gray matter of the brain made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
Name three disordes caused by the damage to a part of the CNS |
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Definition
Apashia
Dementia
Tramatic Brain Injury |
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Term
Three functions of the Cranial Nerves |
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Definition
Feel Sensations
Deliver the motor commands to the muscles of your head and neck |
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Term
How many lobes do we have in each hemisphere?
(for the course) |
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Definition
Four
1. Frontal
2. Occipital
3. Parietal
4. Temporal |
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Term
Important areas of the Frontal lobe |
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Definition
1. motor area
2. prefrontal area
3. broca's area |
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Term
Important language areas in the left hemisphere |
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Definition
Wernicke's Area
Broca's Area |
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Term
What is the aspect of human behaviors associated with the prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
Insight, foresight, decision-making, and personality |
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Term
Disorder that involves damage to the prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
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Term
What is the major problem we see in people who have damaged Wernicke's area? |
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Definition
Comprehension and word location (finding a word/real words) |
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Term
What is the function associated with the medial part of the temporal lobe? |
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Definition
complex aspects of learning and memory |
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Term
Which lobe is primarily associated with the visual processing of information? |
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Definition
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Term
Three parts of the brainstem |
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Definition
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Term
Why is damage to the brainstem often fatal? |
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Definition
This is incharge of breathing and heartbeat |
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Term
Two functions of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
Involved in balancing the body and coordination of our movements |
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Term
Three functions that human left hemisphere is known to be superior in |
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Definition
language
mathematical ability
ability to solve problems in sequential/logical way
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Term
Three functions that human right hemisphere is known to be superior in |
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Definition
musical skills
recognition of faces/emotions
tasks requiring comprehension of spatial relationships |
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Term
Three potential problems caused by the right hemisphere damage |
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Definition
difficulties expressing & understanding emotions
spatial problems (left neglect)
difficulties recognizing faces |
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Term
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Definition
1. This disorder can be acquired only after a person knows a first language fluently
2. It is caused by damage to the left hemisphere (typically after a stroke)
3. Affects verbal expression (spoken language), auditory comprehension, reading and writing
^^produces a profile: differnt levels
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Term
What is the most frequent cause of aphasia? |
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Definition
stroke- caused by hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), or closing of an artery (deprivation of oxygen to the brain) |
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Term
Two different types of strokes |
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Definition
1. Hemorrhage
2. Closed Artery |
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Term
What is a common effect of a stroke to the brain function? |
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Definition
losing consciousness, having difficulty speaking, and be paralzed on the side of the body opposite the hemispehre which was damaged |
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Term
Which side of the brain would be paralyzed if the patient suffered a stroke that results in aphasia? |
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Definition
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Term
What is spontaneous recovery? |
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Definition
The body's natural healing that is a recovery of function; it lasts about 3-6 months |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
death of the tissue (in the brain) |
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Definition
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Term
type of aphasia is generally associated with what? |
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Definition
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Term
Cause of most hemorrhages |
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Definition
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Term
Posterior cortex is concerned with what? |
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Definition
Reception
Analysis of stimuli from the outside world |
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Term
What are the posterior locations of the brain? |
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Definition
includes: temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and some of wenicke's area |
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Term
Brain damage in a posterior location is associated with what? |
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Definition
input of language (understanding speech) |
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Term
Disorders associated with posterior lesions are associated with what type of aphasia? |
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Definition
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Term
What are common difficulties of aphasic syndromes? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the levels of damage of aphasia? |
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Definition
Wernicke's Area (the most damaged)
Conduction Aphasia (medium damaged)
Anomic Aphasia (the least damaged) |
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Term
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Definition
Wernicke's
Anomic
Conduction |
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Term
Which subtype of fluent aphasia is associated with impaired auditory comprehension? |
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Definition
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Term
Which subtype of fluent aphasia is associated with predominat word finding difficulties? |
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Definition
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Term
Which subtype of fluent aphasia is associated with disproportianate inability to repeat what they heard? |
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Definition
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Term
Why does anterior brain damage often cause nonfluent aphasia? |
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Definition
The anterior language area is responsible for speaking: damage here is less likely to interfere with comprehension, but well-articulated speech |
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Term
How would a patient with Broca's Aphasia sound different from a patient with Wernicke's asphasia? |
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Definition
Their speech is slow and labored, and lack the flow and intonation of normal speech of a Wernicke's patient |
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Term
Which subtype of aphasia presents the most damage of communication functions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
caused by lesions that encompass both INTERIOR and POSTERIOR speech areas; referes to severe comprehension and production deficits |
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Term
What are Concomitant problems accompanying aphasis? |
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Definition
1. visual deficits 2. hemiparalysis (on one side of the body) 3. loss of sensation on one side of the body 4. mild cognitive problems (concreteness,
perservations, loss of initiative) |
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Term
How does aphasia affect a patients daily activities of living? |
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Definition
- Inability to write with one hand (must learn to use the other)
- Can't tie shoes (or learn with one hand)
- Showering
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Term
What are two primary goals of aphasia treatment? |
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Definition
1. maximizing language abilities (training on specific skills that they can do)
2. developing compensatory communication strategies (communication book, gesturing) |
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Term
What does research say about the effect of treatment on individuals with chronic aphasia? |
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Definition
chronic aphsic individuals can improve their language skills with appropriate treatment |
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Term
What are personal and social losses that often accompany aphasia? |
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Definition
connection with friends
inability to work
loss of identity^^
depression |
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Term
What are the effects of aphasia on the patient's family/friends? |
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Definition
1. non-aphasic spouse doesn't have time alone
2. finances
3. getting used to the new roles that aphasia creates for both spouses
4. finding ways to deal with the issue of dependence/independence for the aphasic spouse |
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Term
What is the basis of the Life Participation Approach in aphasia? |
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Definition
1. To assist the family in developing new ways to communicate effectively
2. Devising strategies for improving the patient's ability to communicate meangingfully and participate in life activities |
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Term
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Definition
A difficulty in swallowing or an inability to swallow |
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Term
What are the two primary purposes of eating? |
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Definition
1. Nutrition & Hydration
2. Comfort |
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Term
What are the two primary problems associated with swallowing disorders? |
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Definition
the inability to consume enough food or liquid safely and efficiently |
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Term
The two kinds of swallowing phases |
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Definition
Volitional Control
Reflexive |
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Term
Two swallowing phases under volitional control |
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Definition
oral preparatory and oral phases |
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Term
Two swallowing phases that are reflexive
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Definition
pharyngeal and esphageal phases |
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Term
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Definition
a mixture of saliva and food after its been chewed |
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Term
What are the two types of input that prepares a person to eat? |
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Definition
the visual and olfactory inputs (sight and smell) |
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Term
What happens during the oral preparatory stage? |
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Definition
food is manipulated and chewed; the back of the tougue is elavated to keep the bolus in the oral cavity |
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Term
What are two important oral structures of the oral preparatory stage? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens during the oral phase of swallow? |
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Definition
the tongue propels the bolus backward through the oral cavity until the pharyngeal swallow is triggered; this stage is completed when the bolus passes the anterior faucial and enters the pharyngeal area |
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Term
What are the purposes of the pharyngeal stage swallow? |
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Definition
- to protect the airway
- to direct the bolus to the esophagus |
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Term
What is the mechanism that moves the bolus throught he pharynx? |
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Definition
gravity & the forces of the muscles of the pharyngeal walls |
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Term
How long does the oropharyngeal swallow last in healthy individuals? |
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Definition
1-2 seconds or typically 1.5 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the food enters the respiratory system below the level of the vocal folds |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when the food enters the airway above the level of the vocal folds |
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Term
What is a silent aspiration? |
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Definition
When the patient is unaware of food/aspirated material & doesn't clear the material |
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Term
What are the potential consequences of repeated aspiration, especially in the elderly? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two major skills necessary for successful swallowing behaviors? |
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Definition
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Term
Name at least two neurological conditions that affect swallowing |
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Definition
strokes
traumatic brain injury
progressive neurological disease (ALS)
Dementia
Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
Name a neurological condition that affects only the motor part of the swallowing. |
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Definition
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Term
Give two examples how impaired cognitive abilities might affect an individual's swallowing. |
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Definition
-numbness
-don't pay attention to what they're eating |
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Term
When an SLP conducts a bedside swallow evaluation, can she observe what happens during the pharyngeal stage of swallow? |
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Definition
NO, they will only be able to see the oral stage |
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Term
What are the observable signs that suggest a pharyngeal stage problem? |
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Definition
- lack of or weak laryngeal movement - coughing following a swallow - "gurgly" vocal quality |
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Term
What is the most commonly used instrumental assessment of swallowing? |
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Definition
Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) |
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Term
Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) |
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Definition
procedure used to diagnose problems in the pharyngeal stage; this procedure is a flouroscopic image that is recorded on videotape |
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Term
An example of bolus modification as a management method of dysphagia |
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Definition
change in diet: changing consistency of food (puree only) |
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Term
Examples of management methods for swallowing disorders |
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Definition
- Positioning Patients (angle when eating)
- Environmental Modifications (erradicating distractions such as a T.V.)
- Adaptive Feeding Equipment (spoon with a bulky handle)
- Bolus Modification (changing consistency of food)
- Swallowing techniques (holding breathe & swallowing, tongue between teeth) |
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Term
Define TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) |
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Definition
brain damage that leads to temporary or permanent physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral impairment |
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Term
What is the most common cause of TBI? |
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Definition
Collisions involving cars, motorcycles, & bicycles |
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Term
Among older individuals, what is the leading cause of TBI? |
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Definition
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Term
Among military personnel, what is the most common cause of TBI in the war zone? |
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Definition
Explosive Blasts- caused by pressure wave of explosion's concussive force passing through the brain |
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Term
Five areas of problems an individual can face following a TBI |
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Definition
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Vocational
4. Swallowing
5. Communcational |
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Term
How would the problems following a TBI affect an individual's daily life and life in general? |
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Definition
They lose their independence; inability to walk/eat on their own; loss of vocation/identity = inability to word/make money (affecting financials) |
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Term
Three cognitive functions often found to be impaired in individuals with TBI |
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Definition
1. Deficits of attention
2. Memory
3. Executive functioning |
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Term
Why is it so important to quantify and qualify attention impairments? |
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Definition
Because they can contribute to:
- cognitive deficits (memory)
- communication problems (difficulty with topic
maintenance due to short attention span)
- poor functional outcomes |
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Term
What is a typical pattern of attention deficit seen in individuals with mild TBI in the chronic stage of recovery? |
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Definition
Individuals will demonstrate relatively intact attention functioning during simple or routine daily activities, but will continue to display enduring attention problems when completeing cognitively demanding tasks or when exposed to highly distracting environment. |
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Term
How does impaired working memory affect one's learning and completing daily activities of living? |
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Definition
working memory problem contribute to poor auditory comprehension & discourse production problems |
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