Term
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Definition
• Relatively permanent unequal distribution of goods and services in a society
• Mechanism depends on
o The organization of production, cultural values
o The access that different individuals and groups have to the means for achieving social goals |
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Term
| Theories of Stratification |
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Definition
• Functionalism- specific cultural institutions function to support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society
o Weaknesses
• Not all society’s most difficult jobs are well rewarded
• Social Stratification does not always result in recruiting the right people for difficult jobs
• Limits to Financial motivation
• Inequality has potential to erupt into violence
• Conflict theory- focuses in inequality as a source of conflict and change
o Weaknesses
• Ignore the social mechanisms that promote solidarity across class, racial, ethnic, and caste lines |
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Term
| Criteria of Stratification |
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Definition
• Power
o Is the ability to control resources in one’s own interest
• Wealth
o Is the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing these resources
• Prestige
o Is social honor and respect |
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Term
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Definition
• A class is a category of persons with about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other
• There are possibilities for movement between the classes or social strata, called social mobility |
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Term
| Ascribed vs. Achieved status |
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Definition
• Ascribed status- is the social position onto with a person is born (sex, race, kinship group)- something you cant change
• Achieved status- is the social position that a person chooses or achieved (spouse, parent, professor, artist) |
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Term
| Social class in the United States |
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Definition
• Status depends on occupation, education, and lifestyle
• “the American Dream” is bases on the democratic principle of equality and opportunity for all
• social class in the US correlates with attitudinal, behavioral, and lifestyle differences |
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Term
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Definition
• Income is the most important determinant of social class
• Sufficient and steady income is essential toward saving and accumulating assets |
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Term
| U.S. income and social class |
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Definition
• From 1980-2010
o After-tax income of the top 1% of American households jumped 139% to more than 700, 00
o Income of the middle fifth of household rose 17% to 43, 700
o Income of the poorest fifth rose only 9% |
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Term
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Definition
• Life chances are the opportunities people have to fulfill their potential in society
o Chances of survival and longevity
o Opportunities to obtain an education
o Opportunities to participate in cultural life
o Opportunities to live in comfort and security |
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Term
| Social classes and Subcultures |
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Definition
• Social class correlates with differences in attitudes, behavior lifestyle, and values
• Social class as subculture
o Members share similar life experiences, occupational roles, values, educational backgrounds, affiliations, leisure activities, buying habits religious affiliation, and political views |
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Term
| The cultural construction of race |
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Definition
• Race is a culturally-constructed category
o Based on perceived hereditary differences
o Not a natural category, but a social and cultural fact
o Used to justify differential treatment and discrimination
o Affects the lives of both racial majorities and minorities |
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Term
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Definition
• Highly correlated with industrial pollution and natural disasters
o Hurricane Katrina
o Uranium mining on Navajo reservation
• Affects jobs and educational opportunities, access to fair credit, salary levels, social mobility, home ownership, mortgage rates, use of public space |
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Term
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Definition
• A constructed narrative that focuses on cultural rather racial differences
• Nation-states may be characterized by ethnic stratification, ass different ethnic groups have differential access to political and economic resources- changed through time |
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Term
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Definition
• Until the mid 20th century was based upon the ideology of assimilation
o Immigrants should abandon their cultural distinctiveness and become mainstream US
• After the civil rights era of 1960’s, ideology shifted to multiculturalism
o Cultural diversity is a positive value that makes and important contribution to contemporary society |
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Term
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Definition
• System of stratification based on birth (ascribed status)
• Castes are hereditary, endogamous ranked in relation to one another and associated with a traditional occupation
• Movement from one caste to another is not possible |
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Term
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Definition
• Four caste categories and one lower group
o 1. Brahmins are priest and scholars
o 2. Kshatriyas are the ruling and warrior caste
o 3.Vaisyas are merchants
o 4.Shudras are menial workers and artisans
o 5.Dalits are “untouchables” |
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Term
| Changes in the Cast System |
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Definition
• now illegal in India, but still operative
• caste ranking appears to be less sharply defined within the higher caste categories
• caste is less relevant for occupations
• differences in caste are referred to as cultural differences, rather than as a hierarchy based on spiritual purity |
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Term
| Bringing it Back Home: Government Responsibility vs. Wealth |
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Definition
• The expansion of the American middle class from the 1940s to the 1970s was largely based on government programs including the G.I. Bill, Social Security, unemployment insurance, a progressive income tax, and federal mortgage assistance programs
• This expansion involved the vision that government should improve citizens’ economic security and economic opportunities.
• Supporters of this view hold that expansion policies put more money in the hands of consumers, leading to increased demand for goods, a growing economy and a more equitable distribution of wealth.
• The opposing view, the “gospel of wealth,” argues the following:
o Government regulations stifle entrepreneurial initiative.
o Progressive taxation and policies like a minimum wage undermine investment.
o Government entitlement programs, like social security, welfare, and health care, lead to a declining sense of individual responsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| • a social process that helps to order society and provide its members with meaning, unity, peace of mind, and the degree of control over events they believe is possible. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Religion: |
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Definition
• Composed of scared stories that members believe are important
• Make extensive use of symbols and symbolism
• Propose the existence of beings, powers, states, places and qualities that cannot be measured scientifically.
• Include rituals and specific means of addressing the supernatural |
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Term
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Definition
• Provides meaning and order in people’s lives
• Gives people a feeling of control over their destinies
• Reinforces or challenges the social order by transmitting cultural values and knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The belief that all living and non-living objects are imbued with spirit. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social order |
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Term
| The Search for Order and Meaning: |
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Definition
• Religions provide a cosmology for interpreting events and experiences
• This may include the creation of the universe, the origin of society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relationship of humankind to nature.
• Religions tend to be a bit ethnocentric |
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Term
| Reducing Anxiety and Increasing Control: |
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Definition
• Religious practices, such as prayer, sacrifice, magic and other rituals, call on the help of supernatural beings, particularly where forces appear unpredictable and risky.
• These practices can alter the emotional state of those who practice them and reduce or increase their anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
• Through religion, dominant cultural beliefs about good and evil are reinforced.
• Sacred stories and rituals provide a rationale for social order and give social values religious authority.
• Religious ritual intensifies social solidarity by creating an atmosphere in which people experience their common identity in emotionally moving ways |
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Term
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Definition
• Stories of historical events, heroes, gods, spirits and the origin of all things
• Have a sacred power that is evoked by telling them or acting them out ritually
• Validate or legitimize beliefs, values and customs |
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Term
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Definition
• Religious symbols include many different and sometimes contradictory meanings in a single word, idea or object
• Example: the Christian cross
• Means life, death, love, sacrifice, identity, history, power, weakness, wealth, poverty
• The cross carries so many meanings, it has enormous emotional and intellectual power for Christians.
• Some religious symbols may have some supernatural power in and of themselves, such as the masks used in African ceremonies |
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Term
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Definition
• term used for a named spirit believed to have created or to control some aspect of the world
• High gods, gods understood as the creator of the world, are present in only about half of all societiesIn about 1/3 of these societies, such gods are distant and withdrawn, having little interest in people. |
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Term
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Definition
• The belief of many gods
• In India, there are millions of gods; yet all Indians understand that in some way they are all aspects of one divine essence |
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Term
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Definition
• Belief in a single god
• In monotheistic religions, one gos may have several aspects
• In Roman Catholicism: God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit are all part of a single, unitary god. |
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Term
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Definition
• Names from Polynesian cultures
• Religious power or energy that is concentrated in individuals or objects
• Mana gives one spiritual power, but it can also be dangerous
• Belief in mana is often associated with an elaborate system of taboos, or prohibitions. |
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Term
| Mana and Taboo in worldview |
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Definition
• Mana: spiritual power that resides in people or objects; can be positive or dangerous
• Taboo: spiritual power or energy in people or things that certain people must avoid
• Tabu/Taboo:
• 1777: explorer Captain James Cook reported in his journal account of the “Friendly Islands”, now called Tonga:
• Taboo “has a very comprehensive meaning; but, in general, signifies that a thing is forbidden – When anything is forbidden to be eat, or made use of, they say, that it is taboo.”
• A religious power or energy that is dangerousMay be associated with categories of people, things
• Taboos are to be avoided. |
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Term
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Definition
• An object, an animal species, or a feature of the natural world that is associated with a particular descent group
• Totemism is a prominent feature of the religions of the Australian aborigines |
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Term
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Definition
• Act involving the manipulation of religious symbols
• Certain patterns of religious behavior are extremely widespread, if not universal. |
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Term
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Definition
• Three Phases:
o Separation – Participants are removed from their community or status
o Liminal – Participants have passed out of an old status but not yet entered a new one
o Reincorporation – participants return to their community with a new status. |
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Term
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Definition
• Rituals and symbols that put people in a temporary state of equality and oneness
• Communitas- is a state of spiritual transcendence, during which inequalities are ignored |
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Term
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Definition
• Rituals directed toward the welfare of the group or community rather than the individual
• Structured to reinforce the values and norms of the community and to strengthen group identity
• In some groups, they are connected with totems. |
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Term
| Addressing the supernatural: |
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Definition
• Prayer
• Sacrifice
• Magic
• Divination |
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Term
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Definition
• Communication between people and spirits or gods
• People believe results depend on the spirit world rather than on actions humans perform
• Prayer may involve a request, a pleading, or merely praise for a deity. |
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Term
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Definition
• People try to increase their spiritual purity or the efficacy of their prayers by making offerings to gods or spirits
• People may sacrifice the first fruits of a harvest, animal lives or, on occasion, human lives.
• Many Americans are familiar with giving up something for Lent, a form of sacrifice intended to help the worshipper identify with Jesus, show devotion, and increase purity. |
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Term
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Definition
• An attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces
• When people do magic, they believe that their words and actions compel the spirit world to behave in certain ways
• Imitative magic
o the procedure performed resembles the result desired
• Example: voodoo doll
• Contagious Magic
o is the belief that things once in contact with a person or object retain an invisible connection ith that person or object
o Example: a person’s hair or clothing added to a voodoo doll to make it more effective |
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Term
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Definition
| • A religious ritual performed to find hidden objects or information |
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Term
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Definition
• Individuals
• Shamans
• Priests
o Witches and sorcerers |
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Term
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Definition
• An individual recognized as having the ability to mediate between the world of humanity and the world of gods or spirits.
• Not as recognized official of any religious organization
• Bolivian shaman in “The Linguists” |
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Term
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Definition
| • One who is formally elected or appointed to a full-time religious office |
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Term
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Definition
• The ability to harm others by harboring malevolent thoughts about them; the practice of sorcery
• May be done unconsciously
• Wiccan – a member of a new religion that claims descent from pre-Christian nature worship a modern day witch |
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Term
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Definition
| • The conscious and intentional use d magic with the intent of causing harm or good |
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Term
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Definition
• To begin a new religion or modify an existing religion, prophets must have a code with 3 elements:
• Identify what is wrong with the world
• Present a vision of what a better world to come might look like
• Describe a method of transition from the existing world to the better world. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Nativistic movements
o aim to restore what its followers believe is a golden age of the past
• Example the Ghost Dance
• Vitalism
o is a religious movement that looks toward the creation of a utopian future that does not resemble a past golden age |
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Term
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Definition
• Messianic
o This view focuses on the coming of a messiah who will usher in a utopian world
• Millenarian
o The belief that a catastrophe will signal the beginning of a new age and the eventual establishment of paradise. |
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Term
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Definition
• Merging two or more religious traditions and hiding the beliefs, symbols and practices of one behind similar attributes of the other
o Example: Santeria
• Slaves in Cuba combined African religion, Catholicism, and French spiritualism to create a new religion.
• They identified African deities, called orichas, with Catholic saints. |
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Term
| Motivators for European Expansion |
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Definition
• Christianize the world.
• Find a wide variety of wonders, both real and imagines.
• Amass great wealth |
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Term
| Developments Aiding Expansion |
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Definition
• Rise of banking and merchant class
• Growing population
• New ship design that was better at sailing into the wind
• Diseases carried by Europeans to native populations |
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Term
| European Expansion and Disease |
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Definition
• Almost every time Europeans met others who had been isolated from the European, African, and Asian land masses, they brought death and cultural destruction in the form of microbes
• In many instances virtually the entire native population perished of imported diseases within 20 years |
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Term
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Definition
• To strip an area of money, goods, or raw materials through the use if physical violence or the threat of such violence
• Europeans used violence to take money, goods, or raw materials from indigenous peoples.
• Mines Were places under European control
o Examples
• In 1531, Pizarro captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa and received $88.5 million in gold and $2.5 million in silver (current value) as ransom
• After the British East India Company came to power in India, it plundered the treasury of Bengal, sending wealth back to investors in England |
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Term
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Definition
• Europeans forced peoples whose lands they conquered and their own lower classes to work for them
• They practiced African Slavery on a larger scale than any people before them
• Between the end of the 15th century and the end of the 19th, 11.7 million slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas
• More Than 6 Million left Africa in the 18th century alone |
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Term
| Economic effects of Slavery |
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Definition
• The use of slave labor was extremely profitable for both slave shippers and plantation owners
• Slave labor created continuous warfare and impoverishment in the areas from which slaves were drawn. |
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Term
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Definition
• Monoculture plantations specialized in the large-scale production of a single crop for sale to distant consumers
• They created the demand for slaves.
• Through the 18th century, sugar was the most important monoculture crop
• British consumption of sugar increased some 2500% between 1650 and 1800
• Between 1800 and 1890, sugar production grew another 2500% - from 245,000 tons to more than 6 million tons per year |
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Term
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Definition
• Firms managed by a centralized board of directors but owned by shareholders
• The predecessors of today’s publically held corporations
• To raise the capital for large scale ventures, companies would sell shares
• Each share entitled its purchaser to a portion of the profits (or losses) from the company’s business
• Advantages of joint stock Companies
o A great deal of capital could be raised rapidly, so business ventures could be larger than previously possible
o The key goal of joint stock companies was to provide profits to their shareholders |
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Term
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Definition
• The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is a model example of a joint stock company
• Based on money raised from the sale of shares, the VOC was chartered by the Dutch government to hold the monopoly on all Dutch trade with societies of the Indian and Pacific oceans
• Shares were available on reasonable terms and were held by a cross-section of Dutch society.
• Led by a board of directors called the Heeren XVII, it was empowered to make treaties with local rulers in the name of the Dutch Republic, occupy lands, levy taxes, raise armies and declare war
• Through the 17th century, the VOC used it powers to seize control of many of the Indian Ocean islands
• Among these were Java, including the port of Jakarta, Sri Lanka and Malacca
• The VOC acquired the right to control production and trade of the spices of the area and took brutal steps to maintain this monopoly
• By the 1670s, the Dutch had gained complete control of all spice production in what is not Indonesia
• By the last quarter of the 18th century, large areas of coastal Java had been depopulated by years of warfare.
• The Heeren XVII were dismissed by the Netherlands government in 1796 after an investigation revealed corruption and mismanagement in all quarters
• On December 31, 1799, the VOC was dissolved, and its possessions were turned over to the Batavian Republic, a Dutch client state of France |
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Term
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Definition
• Colonies were created when nations established political domination over geographical areas and political units
• Reasons:
o To exploit native people and resources
o To be a settlement for surplus European population
o to occupy key strategic locations
• The Americas were colonized in the 1500s and the 1600s, but most other areas of the world id not come under colonial control until the 19th century
• By the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution gave Europeans decisive advantages in technological sophistication and quantity of arms |
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Term
| Colonization 1500 to 1800 |
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Definition
• Before the 1800s, very little of Africa or Asia was colonized
• In the Americas, Europeans quickly established colonies, and immigrated in large numbers
• Between 1492 and 1600, over 55,000 Spaniards immigrated to the New World
• Although Indian wars continued until late 19th century, Europeans were victorious almost everywhere due primarily to disease |
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Term
| Cortes and Effects of Disease |
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Definition
• When Cortes appeared in 1519, the Aztec leader Montezuma gave him gifts and opened the city of Tenochtitlan to the Spanish
• When it became clear that the Spanish were their enemies, the Aztec expelled them in a battle that cost the Spanish 2/3 of their army.
• When Cortes returned in 1521, a smallpox epidemic had killed up to half the Aztecs
• Had the Aztecs not been devastated by disease, they might have again defeated Cortes. |
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Term
| Colonizing in the 19th Century |
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Definition
• By the beginning of the 19th century, industrialization was underway in Europe and North America
• Consequences
o It enabled Europeans and Americans to produce weapons in greater quantity and quality than any other people
o It created an enormous demand for raw materials that could not be satisfied in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
• Once colonies had been seized, they had to be both administered and made profitable
• Businesses based in the colonizing country could operate free of competition
• Colonies created a zone of protection for older British industry and newer French manufacturers, thus enabling high profits for firms in these nations
• The costs of the colonies were born by colonial populations and by colonizing taz payers
• The profits from colonialism went to shareholders of companies operating in the colonies
• Colonial subjects had to be made to produce the goods that colonizing societies wanted and to labor in ways that would be profitable to the colonizers
• Methods used to force colonial subjects into labor:
o Control of local leaders
o Forced labor
o Forced production of particular commodities
o Taxation
o Direct propaganda through education |
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Term
| Colonial Educational Policies |
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Definition
• Colonial education was often designed to convince subjects that they were cultural, moral and intellectual inferiors
• Education in 19th century India encouraged children to aspire to be like Englishmen
• In France’s African colonies, children were directly taught to obey their colonial masters. |
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Term
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Definition
• Unpaid work demanded of native populations
• One of the most direct ways European governments tried to make their colonies profitable |
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Term
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Definition
• King Leopold III of Belgium committed atrocities against the people of the Congo, including cutting off the hands of disobedient or unproductive slaves
• How is colonialism both psychological and physical violence? |
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Term
| Colonialism and Anthropology |
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Definition
• Evolutionary theories of the 19th century described a world in which all societies were evolving toward perfection
• This concept served as a rationale for colonization |
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Term
| Colonialism and Fieldwork |
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Definition
• Colonialism determined the locations of fieldwork
o British Commonwealth anthropologists tended to work in British colonies
o French anthropologists worked in French colonies
o Americans worked within U.S. borders or in areas of American influenced and control in the Pacific. |
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Term
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Definition
• By the time of WWII peoples had been affected by western expansion
• Most of the nations of the Americas had gained their independence in the18th and 19th century
• In Africa and Asia, independence from European colonialism was not achieved until after World War II
• Many nations that were part of the Soviet Union only received their independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s
• Reasons:
o Civil disobedience
o Changing political structures
o Changing economic structures |
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Term
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Definition
• In December 1960, the United Nations declared that:
o “all peoples have the right to self-determination”
o “immediate steps shall be taken… to transfer all powers to the peoples of [countries that have not yet achieved independence]” |
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Term
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Definition
• An average family in North America
o Four Family members with a combined income of over $50,000
o Comfortable house and have on or two cars
o The children are healthy and attend school
o They can expect to go to college and live to an average of 77 years
• On the surface life seems good for this family, but there are problems:
o Competitive pressures take their toll on the health of both parents.
o Rising medical costs, high costs for college education, job insecurity, and debt threaten their way of life.
o Theirs is a lifestyle toward which millions of people in the world seem to be aspiring.
• A typical family in rural Asia
o The household is likely to contain 10 people with a combined annual income of less than $500.
o They live in a one room house as tenant farmers on an agricultural estate owned by an absentee landlord.
o The adults and older children work all day on the land.
o None of the adults read or write; of the five school-age children, two attend school.
o There is often only one meal a day and the house has no electricity or fresh water supply.
o There is much sickness but very few medical practitioners. |
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Term
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Definition
• More than 1.2 billion people live on less than $1 a day.
• A meal for two at a good restaurant in any American city can top $100.
• Someone born in the late 1990s in Japan has a life expectancy of 81 years.
• If you were born in those same years in Malawi or Mozambique, your life expectancy would be only 37 years. |
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Term
| Gross National Income (GNI) |
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Definition
• The total value of all of a nation’s production
• The GNI provides a rough estimate of national prosperity.
• In the United States, in 2005, the GNI per capita, adjusted for purchasing power, was $42,000.
• Eighty of the 208 nations listed by the World Bank had per capita GNIs of less than $5,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| • An agency of the United Nations, officially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, that provides loans to promote international trade and economic development, especially to poor nations |
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Term
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Definition
• A model of development that predicts that nonindustrial societies will move in the social and technological direction of industrialized nations
• Proponents believed that poor nations could become wealthy by repeating the historical experience of the wealthy nations |
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Term
| Human Needs Approaches (functionalism) |
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Definition
• In 1972 and 1973, the World Bank and other agencies began to focus on filling the basic needs of the rural poor.
• Proponents of the Basic Human Needs approach argued that development had failed because it focused on large scale projects and technological change and paid insufficient attention to improving the lives of the very poor and increasing their capacity to contribute effectively to the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
• A series of political and economic policies promoting free trade, individual initiative, and minimal government regulation of the economy
• Neoliberals have opposed state control of and government subsidies to industries and opposed all but minimal aid to impoverished individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
• In this approach, wealthy nations demanded that poor nations restructure their economies.
• They required poor nations to:
o sell off state-owned enterprises.
o reduce subsidies to local businesses and industries.
o reduce spending on education, health, and social programs.
o open their markets to free trade. |
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Term
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Definition
• A grassroots organization that offers small loans to poor women
• Has reached over a million families around the world
• Has been effective in raising the standard of living among some of the world’s poorest people
• The Grameen Bank and its founder, the Bangladeshi economist Muhammad Yunus, won the Noble Peace Prize in 2006. |
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Term
| Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
• Businesses that own enterprises in more than one nation or seek the most profitable places to produce and market their goods and services regardless of national boundaries.
• MNCs bring employment opportunities as well as goods and services to people who would not otherwise have them.
• They also create major and controversial changes in the natural, economic, social, and cultural environments.
• Many MNCs may have yearly budgets that are greater than those of poor nations’ governments.
• In 2005, each of the world’s twenty largest MNCs had gross revenues of more than 100 billion dollars, larger than all but 47 of the 208 countries tracked by the World Bank.
• Exxon Mobil’s 2006 profit of 39.1 billion dollars was larger than the 2005 total economy of 147 of these countries. |
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Term
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Definition
• Generally a pejorative term for factories with working conditions that may include low wages, long hours, inadequate ventilation, and physical, mental, or sexual abuse
• In spite of the terrible conditions in sweatshops, for many of the people who work there, the alternatives are worse.
• Many workers are drawn from the ranks of the landless poor and the money they earn often marks the difference between food and a roof over one’s head and hunger on the streets.
• Protests and import restrictions aimed at sweatshops often backfire and harm the workers they are designed to help. |
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Term
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Definition
• In 1950, only 16% of the total population of non-industrialized nations lived in large cities.
• By 2000 this figure had reached 40% and by 2020, it is projected to reach 50%.
• By 2015, eight of the world’s ten largest cities are expected to be in poor nations and the average population of these cities will be over twenty million. |
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Term
Population Pressure
China’s One child Policy |
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Definition
• In 1979, the Chinese government introduced a radical population policy limiting families to a single child.
• Families faced stiff financial penalties for additional children.
• This policy was a key factor in reducing fertility in China from about five births per women thirty years ago to fewer than two today.
• The cultural effects of the policy have been dramatic.
o In 2000, for every 100 girls born, 120 boys were born.
o In some poor regions of the country, there were twice as many male as female births.
• The sex imbalance is creating fundamental changes in society.
• 27% of rural men with little schooling were unmarried at age 40.
• The difficulty of marriage has led to the importation of women from poorer countries such as Vietnam and Myanmar, informal polyandry, the sale of young women, and a trade in kidnapped girls. |
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Term
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Definition
• Even though the world’s poor consume a small fraction of the earth’s resources, they face some of the world’s worst problems of pollution and environmental deterioration.
• The energy consumption of the United States alone is more than fourteen times the energy consumption of the entire African continent (excluding South Africa).
• Pollution is closely related to industrialization and globalization.
• Less expensive production technologies are generally more polluting than more expensive, higher technology processes.
• China has experienced enormous economic growth but has relied extensively on lower cost, more highly polluting industries.
• At least 20% of the Chinese population lives in severely polluted areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
• Today, an estimated 3% of the world’s people live outside of the countries of their birth.
• In 2005, the World Bank estimated that $232 billion was sent by migrants to people in their home countries.
• By comparison, total U.S. humanitarian aid in 2005 was about $27 billion, almost 30% of which was spent in Iraq and Afghanistan |
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Term
|
Definition
• International tourism has grown phenomenally in the last 50 years.
o It is the third largest item in world trade and accounts for almost 10% of all world exports.
• There are many varieties of tourism, most sought out by individuals from wealthier nations traveling to underdeveloped regions.
• Although tourism can be “despoiling” and exploitative, for many cultures it has led to a revitalization of tradition.
o Opening of institutes of cultural learning
o Creating economic opportunities
o Providing economic resources for the purchase of things such as instruments and costumes |
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Definition
• Among the Toraja of Indonesia, the tongkonan (ancestral houses) and tau-tau (wooden effigies) are spiritually important types of art.
o These have been marketed to tourists in smaller sizes and with different functions.
o Today much of the original, authentic tau-tau have been stolen and the Toraja have lost some of their most ritually meaningful items. |
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Term
| Electtronic Communication Technologies |
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Definition
• Information technology may enhance local democracies.
o Mobilizing protesters of fraudulent elections (Iran)
o Challenging authoritarian governments that use censorship (China)
o Organizing grassroots protests against government actions (Indonesia)
o Fundraising and activism (U.S.)
• However these are drawbacks
o Information technologies encourage quick thoughts and actions that are not as deliberate and thoughtful.
o They can be the source of a great deal of misinformation.
o They can present information in very reductive simplicity without mediation to ascertain truth.
o Through virtual communities it can divide interest groups and isolate them from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Anthropologist work to solve practical problems at home and around the world |
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Term
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Definition
• Work in the public sector
• Often employed by national, state and city governments |
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Definition
| • Video- understanding race.org |
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Definition
• NOT JUST BONES
o LSU FACES lab
o Forensic linguistics
• Documents
• Recorded voices
• Coded letters
• Slang! |
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Term
| Museum representation of indigenous peoples |
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Definition
• Retribution of artifacts
• Indigenous interpretations
• The Museum of the American Indian |
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Term
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Definition
• Cultural concepts of wellness and disease
• Outreach to communities- ethnography
• Appropriate development of indigenous medicines |
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Term
| Institutional Anthropology |
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Definition
• Applied ethnography to enhance interactions of institutions
• E.g., NASA Culture |
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Term
| Translation and interpretation |
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Definition
• Hospitals
• Government agencies
• Courts |
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Term
| Yes, Mom & Dad, I can get a job in anthropology! |
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Definition
• According to federal Bureau of Labor Statistics data, job prospects for anthropologists are nearly as strong as they are for the math and science graduates
• Anthropology jobs are expected to grow by 28 percent |
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