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Definition
Provide its constituent cells with: •Nutrients •Oxygen •Chemical regulatory information (pH, ionic strength, hormones) •Defense (against foreign substances, bacterial and viral infections, neoplasms) •Elimination of wastes •Environment compatible with cellular functions •Regulation of body temperature |
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Small secreted proteins which mediate and regulate *immunity*, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
•GM-CSF
•IL-2
•IL-6
•MIP-alpha
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Definition
| Cell growth and differentitaion of monocytes |
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| Initiates antibody secretion from specific cells |
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| Initiates chemotaxis monocyte |
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Definition
•IgA = in secretions/mucous membranes •IgE = common in allergies •IgM = first antibody that is produced (short term) •IgG = long term; *only one that can cross the placenta*
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Definition
•Erythropoietin -Glycoprotein produced by kidneys in response to hypoxia -Stimulates production of proerythroblasts from stem cells
•Testosterone increases the basal rate of erythropoiesis
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| Factors that decrease tissue oxygenation |
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Definition
•Low blood volume- anemia •Low Hb •Poor blood flow •Pulmonary dz
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Definition
•Reticulocyte = new RBC 1-4 days old in blood stream •Determines rate of RBC production •Is an indication of the response of the bone marrow to anemia •Normal = 1%
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| The ration of the volume of RBC's to the volume of whole blood (the proportion of the blood that consists of packed RBC's) |
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•HbF (fetal Hb): carries more oxygen •Converts to HbA when born •HbS (most common Hb variable) has some affinity for oxygen but not as good as HbA
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| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) |
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Definition
•Average volume of a RBC •*N = 80-100* •Below 80 could have iron deficiency anemia •Above 100 → B12 folate |
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| Mean Corpuscular Hb (MCH) |
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Definition
| Average amount of Hg in the average RBC |
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Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC) |
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Definition
Average concentration of Hb in a given volume of RBC's |
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*Basophilic stippling* (will not be tested on others) -Seen in toxic injury to bone marrow, such as lead poisoning |
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Spherocytes Stomatocytes Target cells Sickle cells Schistocytes |
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•Correlates with total iron stores •Predict/monitor iron deficiency •Evaluates response to treatment/therapy •Differentiates iron deficiency from other dz •Detects iron overload •Decreased ferritin → person chronically anemic
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Definition
•Serum iron reflects iron bound to transferrin
•DDx of anemias •Dx of hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis •Always measure with TIBC to evaluate iron deficiency •Dx of acute iron toxicity, especially children
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Term
| Total Iron Binding Capacity |
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Definition
•Differential diagnosis of anemias •Order when requesting iron level to calculate % saturation
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Definition
•Carrier molecule- transports iron from intestine to storage sites in the body
•Plasma protein formed in the liver •DDx of anemias
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Definition
•Total quantity = 4-5 grams -65% is in Hb -15-30% is stored in the bone marrow and liver as ferritin and hemosiderin
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Blood loss anemia Hemolytic anemia (often genetic) Deficient RBC production |
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•RBC's are fragile •Production may be normal or increased •Life span is reduced •Hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis
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Definition
- Iron deficiency anemia (hypochromic anemia)
- Folic acid deficiency
- Pernicious anemia
- Lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor
- Macrocytic anemia
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Definition
•Type A = A antigen + anti-B antibodies •Type B = B antigen + anti-A antibodies •Type AB = A&B antigens + no antibodies (A or B) •Type O = no antigens (A or B) + A and B antibodies
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Definition
•Screening test to determine if antibodies are attached to the RBC's •Screen blood for T&C •Detects RBC sensitization to drugs or blood transfusions
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•Detects unexpected circulating antibodies in the patient's serum other than ABO which may react to RBC's •Antibodies may be present but patient does not have antigens
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Definition
H = hemolysis (bilirubin >1.2 mg/dl; LD >600 IU/L) EL = elevated liver enzymes (ALT >79)
LP = low platelets (platelet count <100,000) •Complication of pregnancy or within 48 hrs of delivery
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•Inherited mutation •Most frequent inherited RBC enzyme disorder (400 variants) •Common to Mediterranean and African decent •Sulfa drugs worsen
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More lymphocytes than any other white cell → viral infection |
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More segmented neutrophils than any other white cell → bacterial infection |
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•Most numerous WBC (60%)
•Strongly phagocytic •Indicate bacterial infection, acute injury or hemorrhage, burns, stress, steroids
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Definition
•Seen in immune response or allergy |
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Definition
•Dohle bodies- seen infections, burns, aplastic anemia •Hypersegmented neutrophils: typically seen with serious infection (normally neutrophils have 5 lobes) •Auer rods: seen in AML
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Definition
•Strongly phagocytic and capable of diapedesis •Swell in tissues and become macrophages •Increase in bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections (also may be seen in multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's Dz, CLL) •Decreased in Hairy Cell Leukemia
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Definition
•Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio •Increased in viral infections -CMV -Measles -Mumps -Toxoplasmosis -Pertussis lymphocytic leukemia •Decreased in chemotherapy/radiation •Corticosteroids (stress, Cushing's)
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Definition
•Responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (humoral response) •B cells → plasma cells → antibodies •Antibodies combine with invading free antigen → antibody-antigen complex is removed by phagocytosis
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Definition
•Responsible for cell-mediated immunity (make direct contact with target cell to kill it) •3 types of T cells (have memory) 1. T cytotoxic cells (TC) 2. T helper cells (TH) 3. T suppressor cells (TS) •Specialized to kill virus-infected host cells and cancer cells •Also help or suppress other immune cells
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Definition
Ionizing radiation Smoking Chemical agents Certain chemotherapy drugs |
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Definition
•Uncommon •Young adults then peak again after 50 years •Chest x-ray → mediastinal mass •Hallmark = Reed-Sternburg Cell (B cell origin) •Hx of infectious mono •Painless neck lymph nodes but occasionally in axilla or groin
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Definition
•Malignant neoplasm of B or T cell origin •Common in young patients •Increased incidence seen in: -SLE -Immunosuppression (AIDS, transplant) -RA -Sjogren's syndrome -Past hx of Hodgkin's
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Term
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
•Primarily affects children 2-6 y/o but has a 2nd peak at age 60 • 15x risk seen in DS •Diagnosis confirmed with biopsy •Dramatically high WBC with lymphoblasts
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| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
•50% >60 y/o •20x risk seen in DS •WBC 100,000 or higher, anemia, thrombocytopenia •Can be rapidly fatal and requires urgent treatment
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| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
•Translocation of chromosome 9 and22 = Philadelphia chromosome •Median age = 67
•Generally asymptomatic
•WBC 100,000/μL with granulocytes of all stages of development
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| Vitamin K Dependent Factors |
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Definition
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| In what phase of coagulation do blood vessels and platelets act in response to vessel injury? |
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Definition
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PT (prothromin time) •Monitors ____ therapy •The ____ pathway •Screens for deficiencies of which factors? |
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Definition
•Coumadin •Extrinsic •2, 5, 7, 10 (and 1 to a lesser degree) |
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aPTT (partial prothrombin time) •Monitors ____ therapy •The _____ pathway •Can detect deficiencies in which coagulation factors? |
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Definition
•Heparin •Intrinsic •All except 7 |
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| Can a PT or aPTT tell you which factor(s) are missing? |
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Definition
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| Measure the rate of formation of fibrin |
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Definition
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| Do the PT or aPTT evaluate platelet function? |
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Definition
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| PT or aPTT: which is more sensitive to defects in the common pathway? |
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| Standard indicator for anticoagulation therapy |
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Definition
INR (international normalized ratio) DVT = 2-3 PE = 3-4 |
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Definition
•Primary = blood vessels and platelets respond to tissue injury -Extravascular: surrounding tissues exert pressure on vessel
-Vascular: vasoconstriction; tissue substances
•Secondary = various coagulation factors involved -Intravascular: platelet activation intrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway fibrinolysis
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| What is the best test regarding platelet function? |
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Definition
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D-Dimer is a direct marker for ________ and an indirect marker for _____. It evaluates ______. If elevated could indicate: |
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Definition
•Fibrinolysis •Coagulation •FDP's •Elevation: DVT DIC Renal, liver, cardiac failure Inflammation CA Major surgery or injury |
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| Fresh frozen plasma and fresh plasma contain: |
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Definition
| All coagulation factors and plasma proteins (such as albumin) |
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| Cryoprecipitate is concentrated source of: |
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Definition
von Willebrand factor fibrinogen factor 8 fibronectin |
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