prolonged series of retaliatory/vengeful/hostile acts or exchange of such acts—usually victim’s family took revenge on offender’s family

Wergild

the custom of atonement for wrongs against a victim, by payment to appease the victim’s family. Example: if you kill a person, they’ll give you goats/property/etc. 

Code of Hammurabi

1750 BC (Babylonian Code). Written on a big rock carved with laws/findings of what was right or wrong and what you can or cannot do. Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. It explained what marriage, relationships, and family should be like in relation to money, wealth, and control.

Code of Draco(greek code)

Extended the code of Hammurabi so that the wrongs could be in court where everyone can talk about it and decide what’s best for the public’s good. Punishments were very harsh (usually death). The code was “written in blood”. Anyone whose status was better than their creditor who can’t pay back will be their slave.

Justinian Code of Laws (roman code) 

similar to the other codes, they created tablets where the laws were written. Intended to be the sole source of the law that everyone should follow.

determines whether someone was a witch or controlled by the devil. They put you in a tub of water with weights, if the water accepts/drowns you, then you’re not controlled by the devil. But if you float and survive, then you’re controlled by the devil and they burn you anyways.

people are directed by their own responsibilities, not necessarily the devil.

philosophical movement of the 18^th century marked by a rejection of traditional, social, religious, and political ideas and an emphasis on rationalism.

was the founder of Classical School of Criminology, the approach to understanding crime and social policy for offenders.
Punishment should have preventive and retribution functions. His largest points were: innocent until proven guilty, right to not self incriminate, right to employ counsel, and right to a prompt speedy trial. 

4^th amendment: right from illegal searches and seizures
5^th amendment: use against from self-incrimination
6^th amendment: speedy and public trial
8^th amendment: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. also says people can’t be locked up longer than they should be.

jails are less than a 1 year sentence (only misdemeanors)
prisons are more than a year and felonies

abandoned/unstable transport ships anchored in rivers/harbors that confine criminal offenders. This was intended to be a temporary solution, but they weren’t abandoned until 80 years later.

(Britain) a workhouse created for the employment housing of London’s unemployed or underemployed working classes. “out of sight, out of mind”

Classification: of prisons

1.     Minimum-security level: federal prison camps, have dorm housing, low staff-to-inmate ratio and limited or no fences
2.     Low-security level: federal correctional institutions (FCIs) have double fenced perimeters, mostly dorm housing, strong work/program components, staff-to-inmate is higher than minimum
3.     Medium-security level: strengthened perimeters (double fences and electronic detection systems), mostly cell-type housing, wide variety of work/treatment programs, greater internal controls & staff
4.     High-security level: US Penitentiaries; high security perimeters (walled or double fenced), multiple- and single- occupant cell housing, close staff supervision, close control of inmate movement

5.     Administrative security level: institutions with special missions, such as detention of pretrial offenders, treatment of inmates with serious/chronic medical problems, or containment of extremely dangerous, violent, or escape-prone inmates. They hold inmates in all security categories.

early prison system requiring inmate silence individual cells, and inmate labor in those cells

a sentence that does not include confinement and imposes conditions governing the release of the offender into the community based on good behavior.

Under court supervision and under particular judge’s supervision and if you violation your probation you’re sent back to the judge

keeping people out of incarceration, gives people opportunity to straighten out form where they’ve been

you’re under supervision of the law so you can’t commit any crimes or you’ll get more punishment

register as a sex offender with name and address with local police jurisdiction

If you don’t register then you’re violating your probation and you can be charged with another criminal offense (failing to register felony offense)

there has to be an order of protection

If you violate an order of protection, you’ll be charged with a felony

1. warden (like a CEO) or superintendent
2. guards: like custody staff, interacting with inmates, aka correctional officers
3. line staff – security staff that directly supervises the prison
4. staff personnel- business of running a prison,accountants and clerks, there to file papers and run the prison under budget

everybody who’s in the general population of the prison, not in solitary or protective custody

security issues in a prison

contraband coming in and out of prison

one way to secure a prison is giving a ticket or misconduct report for someone that brings something in

having peanut butter in your jail cell when you’re not supposed to can be a misconduct

illegal in the prison, cell phones, anything you’re not allowed to have

when the prison lockdowns; confining all inmates to their cells, sometimes when they want to search for contraband so they have to lock down

different layers of searches

the least atrusive search: pat-down, frisk search

next search: strip search: when people hide things in various places, “t-string” (hiding things in butt or vag, like drugs or weapons)

can be x-rays or metal detectors

shakedown: searching a particular area for contraband (every cell)

managing prisoners time

try to keep people busy so they don’t overthink and do something dangerous

treatment programs: any activity to make the prisoner less of a problem while in prison or less active as a criminal once released

drug, alcohol, anger management, educational, GED classes, vocational programs, religious, theater/music

10% of prison’s budget is used towards programs, it’s also the first percentage to get cut with budget cuts

Federal Bureau of Prisons is overseen by Department of Defense (check this)

Bureau of prisons was created in 1930

Created during Prohibition because it was a federal crime, and 1910 prostitution

In 1990s, explosion of inmate population in federal system because of “war on drugs”

War on drugs was a federal mandate that went after drug couriers

Federal laws keep people in prison longer

Over 50% of those in federal penitentiaries are in for drugs

Parens patraie 

the government takes the place of a parent of a minor

Basically, the government steps in to take control of a child (under 18)

: a case of neglect would be not providing your child with a clean good home, or leaving your kids alone without a parent for a long period of time

Abuse or Substantial risk of abuse: 

not feeding your child

it could be the boyfriend, natural parent, brother or sister. If the perpetrator doesn’t live in the home, if the parent is not protecting the child properly, it would be child abuse

Dispositional hearing 

is a sentencing hearing
they speak to the parents and do counseling and remove the kids from parents

not making curfew, underage drinking. It is because of your status as a juvenile. 

for drugs, alcohol. To divert people before the minor gets involved in the system. 

like a bond hearing, either they’re held in custody or not held in custody

if you’re above a certain age and commit a certain crime, you’re tried as an adult. If you commit a murder and you’re 15 or 16, you’re tried as an adult automatically. You are also sentenced as an adult. 

Prosecution files a petition that the minor should be tried as an adult

“minor respondent”

“delinquent” 

only if treason, murder, rape.

Certain types of murder: brutal/heinous murders, multiple murders, murder of a child or police officer

In death penalty cases, the jury is put in court. The defendant chooses between jury and judge who gets to decide gives them death penalty.

juveniles & those with a disability cannot be sentenced to death

lived in Englewood neighborhood. Case in the 90’s. prostitutes and people- he would beat these girls then go smoke some crack then rape them and then kill them . death penalty.

Arrest: probable cause
Preliminary Hearing: clear and convicable evidence
Criminal Trial: beyond a reasonable doubt
Civil Trial: preponderance of evidence

begun in 1990s, this movement required inmates to serve a significant portion of their sentence before consideration for release.

Concurrent: 3 and 5 years at the same time, so only serving 5 years
Consecutive: 3 years for one crime, then another 5 years after that

Aggravation: making condition/force
Mitigation: lessening force

general deterrence: celeb status and someone being punished
specific deterrence: towards an individual (slapping a kid on the hand)

·      Rehabilitation: to restore to good health or useful life

a sentencing hearing where they speak to the parents, do counseling, and remove kids from the parents who are “unable, unfit, unwilling”

like a bond hearing, you’re either held in custody or not

process by which a record of crime conviction is destroyed or sealed after expiration of a statutorily required period of time; also refers to the act of physically destroying information—including criminal records—in files, computers, or other depositories

executive clemency restoring at least some rights to the offender. Some states restore civil rights when parole is granted but a governor can restore all rights through a pardon.