1.  
   1. Helping people realize that “No man is an Island.” 
   2. Understanding individual function, [such as what role we play in the family, or what my problems are and how they affect the family.]
   3. Knowing the meaning behind our symptoms.  [Symptoms are expressions of our family problems, and an individual can carry symptoms that affect the whole family.  Symptoms can also function the family b/c the family needs the problem in order to function, and can be handed down from generation to generation.]

Triangulation is used between two family members when they deal with it through a third person

 It works under family systems therapy

(Ex: mother deals with her anger with husband by preoccupying herself with her son; father deals with frustration towards wife by spending more time at work)

Multigenerational transmission

What system does it exemplify? 

the process that differentiation decreases from one generation to the next.

Family Systems 

                                                               i.      Beneficence and nonmaleficence (help and be helpful)

                                                             ii.      Fidelity and Responsibility (est. relationships of trust, be aware of professional and scientific responsibilities 2 society, ie: if you’re not right therapist for client, u should transfer them, ie: watching 4 other therapists being unethical)

                                                            iii.      Integrity

                                                           iv.      Justice (every1 entitled 2 receiving treatment, and same treatment w/in treatment)

                                                             v.      Respect for people’s rights and dignity (privacy, confidentiality, self-determination, ie: therapist shouldn’t impose their own wishes or opinions 2 their clients)

physical abuse

emotional abuse

 sexual abuse

sexual exploitation

neglect 

Within Subject Designs

Between Subject Designs 

ABAB Design- There are 4 phases, A,B,A,B.  In initial A phase, no treatment is given and progress simply monitored.  In B phase, treatment is given, progress is monitored.  Then in the second A phase, treatment is withdrawn again, but progress is monitored. And in second B phase, treatment is again administered.  The goal is to see an improvement within first B phase and second B phase. 

Multiple Baseline Design- Problematic behavior is divided into 2 or more components.  (Ex: Spider phobia-->fear of spider image, fear of actual spider presence)  Treatment begins only focusing on 1 component, while others serve as baselines.  Once we see an improvement, you move onto next component.  

Difference?  No withdrawal in MBD 

Why do any type of psychotherapy seem more effective than no therapy or the placebo treatment?

What are common components of successful therapies? 

Unspoken family rules- rules that are never verbally stated by parents but are known throughout family members (ex: never talk about sex, never talk about child abuse in front of mom)

Spoken family rules-rules clearly stated

Complementary family roles -family members may conform 2 certain roles within family, such as 1 sibling playing "Bad kid" and another playing "good kid"; roles are often taken in response to roles taken by other family members

Meta-Analysis are used to study psychotherapy outcome studies (study of study); They turn results into numbers, combine them through statistics and create an overall data,and calculate an effect size; 

An important component is the effect size

it weighs out the sample sizes of the individual studies (that are being studied by the meta-analysis) via standard deviation; this way, it ensure that studies w/larger sample studies contribute more proportionally to overall result of study

Treatment group outcome mean- control group outcome mean/ Standard Deviation 

1.  Physicians and psychotherapists use separate standards of improvement

2. Test was nonrandomized, so there was no way of knowing each patient's condition b4 therapy 

3. inefficient Control group

CPR method

Current plan  (current suicide plan, timing, arrangements, lethality, access)

Prior Suicide Behavior

Resources 

Symptoms, stressors, demographics 

1. look to multiple sources
2. issues w/clinical interviews (must interview parent, but not necessarily kid, must work as alongside parent, must get history of family problems)
3. lots of IQ assessments (drawing)
4. behavioral observation (school, home, interaction w/parent)
5. peer relation measures
6. lots of behavioral assessments/questionaires
7. projective tests

empirically supported treatments are tests used to identify which treatments are more effective for specific problems

They test is divided within well-established treatments and probably efficacious treatments 

well established treatments are one's that have:

at-least 2 good between subject experiments that show are either superior to a pill placebo treatment or another treatment, or equivalent to an already established treatment

OR

at least 9 single case design experiments that used good experimental designs and compared their intervention 2 another treatment.   

also, they must have used treatment manuals, clealy specified characteristics of sample size, and effects must have been shown by at least 2 investigators

Empirically supported treatments 

show at least 1 of following

1. 2 experiments showing superiority (statistically) over a waiting list group

2.  At least 1 experiment meeting Well Established Treatment in 1A or 1B, 3,and 4 but not 5

3.  Having 1-3 single case designs that show Well Established Treatment

Empiracally Supported Treatments 

1. low external validity; shows efficacy under well-controlled treatments, not actual clinical settings

2. Having carefully specified sample size creates unrealistic patient representation

3. does not demonstrate clinical significance, only statistical significance

4. ignores all nonspecifics and only emphasizes techniques

5.Making it necessary 2 use treatment manuals gives favoritism towards CBT

What are the components of the insanity defense? (5)

What field of psychology does this apply to?

Murray Bowen

Goals: decrease triangulation, increase differentiation, end emotional cut-off

Salvador Minuchin

1. family subsystems

2. approrpriate and inappropriate boundaries 

Families w/appropriate boundaries usually have clear boundaries btw parents and children, w/parents having a degree of authority in negotiating rules

Familes w/inapprorpiate boundaries are characterized by loose or distant boundaries, or inappropriate roles within subsystems (ie: daughter playing mother role to her mother) 

1. be direct
2. be non-judgmental
3. get help
4. don't be sworn to secrecy
5. take action