Term
| What are the vital signs? |
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Definition
| The vital signs are Blood Pressure, Pulse, Temperature, and Respiration Rate |
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Term
| What are the four sites for taking temperatures? |
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Definition
Axillary (LOWER than oral)
oral
rectal (HIGHER than oral)
tympanic membrane (HIGHER than oral) |
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Term
| Give the prehypertension bp values |
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Definition
Prehypertension: systolic 120-139 mmHg
or diastolic 80-89 mmHg |
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Term
| Give bp values for stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension |
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Definition
Hypertension:
Stage 1- systolic 140-159 mmHg or diastolic 90-99 mmHg
Stage 2- Systolic >/=160mmHg, Diastolic >/=100 mmHg |
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Term
| What are normal values for pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature? |
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Definition
Pulse: 60-100 bpm
Resp. rate: 12-20 respirations/minute
Temp: oral- 37 C, 98.6 F |
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Term
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Definition
| Tachycardia = >100 beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Bradycardia = <60 beats per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Tachypnea = >20 respirations per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Bradypnea = <12 respirations per minute |
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Term
| Define a Cheynes-Stokes respiration pattern |
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Definition
| Cheynes-Stokes = periods of deep breathing with alternating periods of apnea |
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Term
| Define Kussmaul breathing |
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Definition
| Kussmaul breathing = deep breathing, usually related to metabolic acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Biot's breathing = ataxic (irregular) breathing |
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Term
| Between systolic and diastolic pressure, an abnormal in which value is the greater predictor of disease in people over 50? |
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Definition
| Over 50, systolic is the greater predictor. If both values are in different categories, go with the most severe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Korotkoff sounds are the low pitched sounds from blood vessels, related to turbulence (i.e., non-laminar flow) caused by partial occlusion. |
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Term
| What Korotkoff sounds indicate systolic and diastolic pressures? |
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Definition
KS 1 = Systolic pressure (first sound)
KS 5 = Diastolic pressure (sound disappears) |
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Term
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Definition
Pulse Pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Pp = Ps – Pd |
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Term
| What is the normal bp difference between sides? |
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Definition
There should be a 5-10 mmHG difference in readings on different sides. Ipsilateral arm and leg readings should be the same.
Hypertension in the arms and hypotension of the legs is a classic sign of coarctation of the aorta. |
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Term
| How does limb position affect blood pressure reading? |
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Definition
Limb should be at heart level.
-to high: false depression of bp
-to low: false elevation of bp |
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Term
| What are the common sources of a falsely elevated bp in normotensive individuals? |
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Definition
-patient anxiety
-wrong cuff size (too small, short, etc.)
-loose cuff
-Brachial a. above heart level |
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Term
| What is a direct pupilary reaction? |
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Definition
| Direct: light shining into eye results in constriction of pupil in the SAME eye |
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Term
| What is a consensual pupilary reaction? |
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Definition
| Consensual: light shining into eye yields constriction of pupil in the OPPOSITE eye |
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Term
| What is the conjunctiva of the eye? |
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Definition
| Conjunctiva- Clear mucus and cells which line the sclera (white part) of the eye |
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Term
| What is the optic disk of the eye? |
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Definition
| The optic disk is where the optic nerve and vessels enter the eyeball. It's also a blind spot. |
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Term
| What is the Macula of the eye? |
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Definition
| The Macula is a yellow spot around the fovea, with no discernible margins |
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Term
| What is the fovea of the eye? |
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Definition
| The fovea is a dark spot near the optic disk which marks the point of central vision, most light sensitive spot |
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Term
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Definition
| Anisocoria is a condition where the two pupils are NOT the same size (diameter). May indicate a neurological disease. |
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Term
| Name the lymph nodes of the head and neck (10) |
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Definition
Head & Neck Lymph Nodes:
-Preauricular
-Posterior auricular
-Occipital
-Tonsilar
-Submandibular
-Submental
-Superficial cervical
-Posterior cervical
-Deep cervical chain
-Supraclavicular |
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Term
| What are the lung borders? |
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Definition
Anteriorly
- Apex of each lung is 2-4 cm above inner third of the clavicle
- Inferior border crosses at 6th rib at midclavicular line
- Inferior border crosses at 8th rib at midaxillary line
Posteriorly
- Lower border is found at T10 spinous process at rest; descends to T12 spinous process upon inspiration |
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Term
| Which lung has a horizontal fissure? |
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Definition
| Only the Right Lung has a horizontal fissure, which runs at 4th rib at midclavicular line. |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the oblique fissures of the lungs? |
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Definition
| The Oblique Fissures of the lungs run from T3 spinous process to the 6th rib at midclavicular line. |
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Term
| How many lobes does each lung have? |
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Definition
Right Lung: Upper, middle and lower lobes
Lower Lung: Upper and lower lobes |
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Term
| Where does the trachea bifurcate? |
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Definition
| The trachea bifurcates at the sternal angle (anteriorly) and T4 spinous process posteriorly. |
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Term
| Differentiate between the following breath sounds: Crackles, Wheezes, Rhonci, Stridor |
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Definition
Crackles: think 'alveolar' problem
Wheezes: think narrow airway
Rhonci: think large airway
Stridor: think obstruction of larynx/ trachea |
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Term
| What is tactile fremitus? |
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Definition
| Tactile fremitus refers to palpable vibrations felt on the chest wall when the patient speaks. Increased in conditions such as pneumonia. |
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Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosing sinusitis? |
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Definition
| The gold standard for Sinusitis diagnosis is needle aspiration from the sinus |
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Term
| What are symptoms with high sensitivity for Sinusitis? (i.e., if they do NOT have these, they probably do NOT have sinusitis) |
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Definition
Highly sensitive findings for sinusitis:
- Colored mucus
- Cough
- Sneezing |
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Term
| What are highly specific symptoms of Sinusitis? (i.e. if they have these, they probably have sinusitis) |
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Definition
Highly specific for sinusitis:
- Maxillary tooth ache
- colored mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli. |
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Term
| What symptoms do people with pneumonia often have? |
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Definition
Pneumonia:
- tactile fremitus
- tachycardia
- will NOT have normal vitals
- Temperature > 37.8 C |
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