Term
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Definition
1. Beneficience and Nonmaleficence
2. Fidelity and Responsibility
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual Psychology. More based on the present than Freud's theory. Striving to overcome feelings of inferiority is key. Importance of social motives and social behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less emphasis on the id more on the ego and how it can promote learning and creativity. More about improving functioning of ego and the psychologist is more supportive and trusting than traditional psychoanalysis. Anna Freud Ericksahnnn |
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Term
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Definition
| Importance of early relationships on later ones. Early are templates for later ones. Relationships have objective (what actually happens) and subjective dimension(the way the relationship is perceived). How their past relationships and cognitions learned from those affect positive successful living. |
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Term
| Core Concepts of Psychodynamic Theory |
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Definition
Intrapsychic Conflict
Unconscious Processes
Early Relationships
Ego Functioning
The Client-Therapist Relationship |
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Term
| 4 Keys of humanistic psychotherapy |
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Definition
1. Humanistic therapists assume that their clients' lives can only be understood from the viewpoint of the client.
2. Human beings are not instinct-driven creatures but instead are naturally good people who are able to make choices about their lives and determine their own destinies.
3. The therapeutic relationship is the primary vehicle for beneficial therapy.
4. It's important to experience and explore confusing or painful emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
If the therapist creates the right circumstances
Then the client, driven by an innate potential for growth, will spontaneously improve. |
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Term
Rogers:
3 keys to therapist client growth enhancing relationship |
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Definition
| unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence |
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Term
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Definition
| Real self matches ideal self. |
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Term
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Definition
To become aware of disowned feelings that are a genuine part of them.
To recognize feelings and values they think are a genuine part of themselves but in fact are borrowed from other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| now=experience=awareness=reality |
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Term
| Goal of Existential Therapy |
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Definition
Take responsibility for their feelings and actions.
Find meaning and purpose in their lives. |
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Term
| Postmodern Humanistic Approaches |
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Definition
| Help clients "Reauthor their life narratives or experiment with new constructions of the self and relationship that afford more hopeful possibilities for the future." |
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Term
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Definition
| when two situations are similar enough that they elicit the same response stimulus generalization has occurred. when a person does not psychologically discriminate between these two situations and instead responds to them in the same way. |
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Term
| Main goal of Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| To help the client modify maladaptvie overt behaviors as well as the cognitions, physical changes, and emotions that accompany those behaviors. Cause isn't important behavior is. |
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Term
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Definition
| clenching of muscles and focus on releasing as well as possibly breathing patterns to create relaxation |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| Antianxiety treatment based on reciprocal inhibition wherein the client systematically works up to interacting with a fear inducing stimuli. |
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Term
| Exposure and Response Prevention Technique |
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Definition
| Exposure to a fearful stimulus in comfort of office with therapist until anxiety goes away. Very effective. |
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Term
| Cognitive Approach to Depression |
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Definition
| Mostly attribution error. Making a leap in judgment about why an event went a certain way. |
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Term
| Goals of Cognitive Therapy |
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Definition
Educate the client about the role of maladaptive thoughts in behavior and experience.
Help clients learn to recognize when they engage in those thoughts.
Arm them with skills for challenging maladaptive thoughts and for replacing them with more accurate and adaptive ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| CBT method to prevent relapses. Replaces thoughts like I owe myself a drink with: remember how bad jail felt when I got that DUI. |
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Term
| Dialectic Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
| Start by developing skills to contain erratic behavior. Later concentrates on eliminating self-blame from traumatic events. Tries to teach individuals that all of life's events can be seen in a more integrated and balanced way. |
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Term
| Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy |
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Definition
Sharing New Information-From therapist and other members
Instilling Hope-Words of encouragement from others is good
Universality-the person is not alone and struggles w others
Altruism- helping others gives you worth
Interpersonal Learning- learn important social skills in safe place
group cohesiveness- motivation of being in a group helps people feel supported and worth something |
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Term
| Goals of Community Psychology |
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Definition
Understand individual and social problems.
Prevent behavioral dysfunction.
Create lasting social change. |
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Term
| Principles of Community Psychology |
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Definition
Social-System Change - Try to create systemic change to avoid pre-existing facilitators of psychological problems.
Promoting a "Psychological Sense of Community" -Attempt to strengthen the ability of a community to plan and implement its own changes by promoting a psychological sense of community.
Paraprofessionals- encouraging non-professionals to help who are from the community
Use of Activism- Use of power to accomplish social reform.
Use of Research as Form of Intervention- Doing experiments to find alternative methods that can be implanted to create systemic change. |
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Term
| Three Types of Prevention |
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Definition
Tertiary Prevention: Seeks to lessen severity of disorders and to reduce the short and longterm consequences of mental health problems.
Secondary Prevention: Intervention for people who are at risk of developing a disorder. Requires knowledge of risk factors and increasing protective factors for those groups.
Primary Prevention: Involves avoiding the development of disorders by either modifying environments or strengthening individuals so that they are not susceptible to those disorders in the first place. |
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Term
| Classical Freudian Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
Goals: Restructure personality
Activity: Free association, dream analysis, interpretation of transference and resistance
Setting: Characterized by couch; patient unable to see the therapist
Controlled use of regression leading to “transference neurosis”
Frequency and intensity of the treatment |
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Term
| Goals of Classical Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
Attain greater self-knowledge
Bring preconscious into conscious
Reorganize structures |
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Term
| Three structures of personality |
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Definition
ID: Pleasure principal (Unconscious)
Ego: Self, reality principal, delay gratification (Conscious)
Super Ego: Conscience, right/wrong, morality |
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Term
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Definition
Oral stage: 0-2 years old
Anal stage: 2-4 years old
Emergence of Ego
Phallic stage: 6-7 years old
Identification
Electra complex
Oedipal complex
Latency period: 6-12
Genital: Age 12 and up |
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Term
| Activities of Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
Free association
Analysis of dreams
Analysis of Resistance
Analysis of Transference |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Free association |
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Definition
Originally used hypnosis to free repressed thoughts
Later, used free association to gain access to hidden
thoughts and fears
Unconscious conflicts emerge
Analytic basic rule: “Say whatever comes to mind” |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Analysis of Dreams |
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Definition
Repressive defenses are lowered
“Royal road to the unconscious”
Content in dreams
Manifest: Dream as it appears to dreamer
Latent: Deeper underlying meaning |
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Term
Psychoanalysis
Analysis of Resistance |
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Definition
| May reflect patient's struggles. Important to look what areas they resist psychoanalysis and look at those more carefully. |
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Term
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Definition
Feelings may carry over to therapist
Transference neurosis
Hallmark of analysis
What neurosis does the client transfer to you? what can you learn from that?
Counter transference
Analyst needs to understand his/her feelings for the patient
Miniature version of the causes of the client's problems. |
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Term
Psychoanalysis:
Confrontation |
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Definition
| Confronting them with the psychoanalytic reason for their neurosis. |
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Term
| Criticisms of psychoanalysis |
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Definition
Time consuming and expensive
Not best for crises
Based on questionable theory
Neglects immediate problems
Inadequate proof of effectiveness
Limited applicability |
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Term
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Definition
Focus on Ego as central
-Manages behavior
-Focus on self
-De-emphasis on sex, biological functions and focus more on goals, creativity, self-direction
Social relationships are central determinant of normal and abnormal development |
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Term
| Contributions of Ego Psychologists |
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Definition
More theoretical than practical
Play more active role
Help patients deal with present as well as past
Focus on development of identity
Many psychoanalytic techniques used |
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Term
| Prominent Ego Psychologists |
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Definition
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Harry Stack Sullivan
Karen Horney
Heinz Hartmann
Erik Erikson |
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Term
| Basis for Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Distressing behavior itself is learned
What is learned can be unlearned and replaced with more constructive modes of coping and adaptation
Behavior therapists deal directly with specific problems |
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Term
| Common core of basic concepts within behavior therapy |
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Definition
Learning model of normal and abnormal behavior
Abnormal behavior not an illness or a symptom of an underlying illness
Past is not critical
Except to understand learned behavior
Focus on outer instead of inner life
Maladaptive behavior with 3 components:
Outer: Behavioral
Inner: Emotional
Cognitive |
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Term
| Behavioral Core Concepts 2 |
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Definition
Treatment tailored to individual
Goals are modest
Transform maladaptive behavior to adaptive
Therapy is pragmatic; relationship is not central
Behavior change can occur even if origins of problem are not understood
Use scientific method to evaluate success |
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Term
| Basic Steps of Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Give instructions
Identify goals
Implement strategies
Provide reinforcement |
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Term
| Four Approaches to Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
Applied behavioral analyses
Stimulus response model
Social learning theory
Cognitive behavior therapy |
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Term
| Applied Behavioral Analysis |
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Definition
Direct extension of B.F. Skinner’s radical behaviorism (1953)
Behavior is a function of its consequences
Stimulus cue response consequence
Contingency management
Manipulate consequences of a response
Contingency contracting
Time out from positive reinforcement
Stimulus control
Control frequency of response to stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Classical conditioning
Feeling states mediate between stimulus and response
If change emotion, this leads to behavior change
Example
Thunder (UCS) --> Fear (UCR)
^
/
Closet (CS)
Techniques
Systematic desensitization Flooding / Implosive therapy
Aversion therapy Covert sensitization |
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Term
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Definition
Assumes cognitive processes govern:
what we attend to
how things are perceived
how the person interprets and responds
Techniques
Modeling
Involves more than stimulus, response, consequence
Depends on symbolic processes - e.g., the desire to be like the model and win his/her approval |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
The person’s interpretation of his/her experiences is what produces psychological problems
Cognitive processes believed to be important:
Expectations
Appraisals
Attributions
Internal
External
Distorted cognitive processes lead to disorders
If change the cognitions, then the disorder may be alleviated |
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Term
CBT
Rational Emotive Therapy |
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Definition
Rational Emotive Therapy
Albert Ellis
-Irrational and illogical beliefs
-“Tyranny of shoulds”
Therapist is active; therapy may seem aggressive |
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Term
| Beck’s CBT for Depression |
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Definition
Negative cognitive triad
-Helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness
Errors in reasoning:
-Arbitrary inference
-Overgeneralization
-Personalization
Challenge thought processes
Recognize the connections between cognitions, affect, and behavior |
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Term
CBT
Meichenbaum’s Self-Instructional Training |
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Definition
Strategy used with impulsive, hyperactive, and problem behavior children
Developed out of Soviet psychologists, Vygotsky and Luria, who emphasized role language plays in self-regulation
Help prevent automatic behavior and insert thought between stimulus and response |
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Term
| Critique of Behavior Therapies |
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Definition
Effective, brief, inexpensive, units of analysis can be measured, simple goals, patient does not need to be verbal, introspective, or affluent, but…
Seen as superficial, do not get to deeper underlying problems that may have produced symptoms, concepts naïve and simplistic, aims of therapy are trivial and palliative |
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Term
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Definition
-Concerned with conscious human experiences
-Antecedents in European existential philosophy
-Phenomenological framework: what we are and what we do is a reflection of our experience of the world and of ourselves
-Reality is personal and subjective; reciprocal determinism
-The feeling and experiencing self
-Self-actualization
-Unconditional love
-Hierarchy of needs: physiological, belongingness, love, esteem, aesthetic, cognitive, self-actualization |
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Term
| Central Assumptions of Humanistic Therapy |
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Definition
Emphasis on the here and now
Direct, active dialogue between therapist and patient
Therapist refuses to offer interpretations
Opposed to classification |
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Term
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Definition
Carl Rogers: Client-centered therapy
Fritz Perls: Gestalt therapy
Victor Frankl: Logotherapy |
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Term
| Victor Frankl Logotherapy |
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Definition
De-reflection
Paradoxical intentions
Rather than power or pleasure, logotherapy is founded upon the belief that it is the striving to find a meaning in one's life that is the primary, most powerful motivating and driving force in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| estalt therapy is an existential/experiential form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility, and that focuses upon the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation |
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Term
| Impact of Humanistic Approach |
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Definition
Patients will be accepted regardless of their behavior
Group therapy
-Existential partnership between client and therapist
-Focus on ‘here and now’
-Foster growth rather than repair maladjustment
Search for untapped human potential
E.g., meditation, yoga, drugs |
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Term
| Limitations of Humanistic Approach |
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Definition
More a set of philosophical positions than a scientific theory
Considered unscientific
Too general |
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Term
| Focus of couples/family therapy |
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Definition
Interpersonal perspective with an emphasis on the role of faulty communications, interactions and relationships in producing maladaptive behavior
Require therapeutic techniques that focus on relationships, not individuals |
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Term
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Definition
Assumption: happy couples communicate better
-Share more sensitivity to other’s needs
-Keep channels of communication open
-Make more use of nonverbal techniques of communication
Assumption: conflict is inevitable in relationships and involves both people
It is the way couples deal with the inherent conflict that determines the quality and duration of the relationship |
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Term
| Common problems among couples |
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Definition
Communication
-Avoid acknowledging conflicts
-Leads to resentment
-May lead to drifting apart
Faulty role expectations |
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Term
| Couples therapy techniques |
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Definition
Goal is to improve communication
Couples talk to one another
-Therapist views dynamics
Various techniques used
-Gain awareness of communication patters
-Teach how to listen and communicate more clearly
-Role playing |
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Term
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Definition
Focus on family unit and relationships within it
The “identified patient” is the bearer of the symptoms of a larger family problem
Multiple family members included so the family system can be understood
Only when family patterns change can family members change in any enduring way
While one member of the family may have the symptoms, the disturbance lies in the family unit as a whole |
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Term
| Two Approaches to Family Therapy |
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Definition
Structural Approach
-Murray Bowen
Change organization of family
-Salvadore Minuchin |
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Term
| Structural Approach to Family Therapy |
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Definition
-Overlap with psychodynamic therapy
-Based on systems theory
--Murray Bowen
-Family system is more influential than individual
Family needs to be fixed as a whole structure rather than individual parts.
Salvadore Minuchin
Family is set of interlocking roles
Need to understand “structural map” and boundaries between family members
-Enmeshed: boundaries too “loose” and need to be firmer
-Disengaged: boundaries too “rigid” and need to be more flexible |
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Term
| Strategic/Communications Approach to Family Therapy |
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Definition
-Pioneered by Jay Haley
Pinpoint contradictory messages
Develop strategies to change faulty communication patterns
-For example, paradoxical intention is a strategy used to upset maladaptive patterns and force new, more useful, patterns of communication |
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Term
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Definition
Capitalize on research
Research used to prevent problems
Decrease risk factors
Prevention efforts directed towards different ages during lifecycle |
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Term
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Definition
Tertiary
Reduce long-term consequences of having a disorder
Help those recovering from mental illness
Secondary
Detect problems early and prevent them from becoming chronic disabilities
Quick intervention
Primary
Reduce new cases by altering stressful and depriving conditions and strengthening individuals so they can resist stress |
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Term
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Definition
Delivery mode
Waiting
Therapist “waits” for clients to call
Seeking
-Community Psychologists seek out those at risk
-Rely on the use of paraprofessionals
Conceptual
-Theoretical underpinnings of the services provided
--May differ based on training |
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Term
| Emergence of Community Psychology |
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Definition
Condition of state mental health facilities
-Rural areas, isolation
-Staffing
-Custodial care
-Lack of social support
-No partial hospitalization option
Drug therapy (mid-1950s)
Research on the damaging effects of long-term hospitalization began to accumulate |
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Term
| Community Mental Health Centers Act |
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Definition
JFK 1963
CMHC
Offer a variety of services
Outpatient therapy
Parenting education
Adolescent problems / groups
AA/NA
Partial hospitalization
Emergency services
Consultation
Halfway houses
Long term care facilities
Crisis intervention |
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Term
| Evaluation of Community Psychology |
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Definition
Help is more widely and quickly available
Focus is on prevention of long-term problems
Hope is to reduce revolving door phenomenon
But it is difficult to address specific community problems
There is not enough funding |
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Term
| Does psychotherapy work? No |
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Definition
Report by Eysenck (1952): No evidence that psychotherapy works better than natural passage of time (“spontaneous remission”)
-7000 patients tested in 19 clinical groups
-Results
--Baseline (neurotic patients who were given only custodial ---or medical care but no psychotherapy): 72% improved
--Psychoanalytic: 44% improved
--Eclectic: 66% improved
So all therapies, but especially psychoanalysis, came off poorly |
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Term
| Criticisms of Eysenck Disproval of Therapy Benefits |
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Definition
Control (baseline) groups were inadequate
Treatments lacking in uniformity and representativeness
Some studies had questionable research methods
Vague criteria for diagnosis and improvement
-No objective measurement (categorical)
-Attrition – those who dropped out of therapy assumed to not have improved
-What about therapy gains over time?
Results not standardized |
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Term
| Within-Subjects Research Design for Efficacy of Psychotherapy |
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Definition
Multiple-baseline design
Evaluate the effect of a treatment without discontinuing it
Observe several problems at once, but apply treatment to one of these problems
Logic: If the treatment is causing specific effects, the targeted behavior is the only one that will change
Target additional behaviors, one at a time, and observe |
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Term
| Between-Subjects Research Design |
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Definition
Alternative methods for more complex designs:
Compare different treatments
Control versus Treatment 1 versus Treatment 2
Compare aspects of same treatment
factorial experiments
dismantling |
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Term
| Traditional method for evaluation of psychotherapy |
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Definition
Control groups (no treatment, placebos)
Highly detailed script for therapy sessions
Fixed number of sessions (approximately 12)
DVs well defined and objectively measured
“single-blind” study paradigm
Patients carefully screened, have single diagnosed disorder
Patients followed for fixed period of time, thorough assessment battery |
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Term
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Definition
Considered the “gold standard” form of empirical evaluation of psychotherapy
-High internal validity
Answers a specific question: Is there a difference between a form of psychotherapy and controls?
Good method for short-term therapies (e.g., behavioral, cognitive)
Provide some valuable information
-Under highly controlled conditions, some treatments work better than others for specific disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Expensive and time-consuming
Practical and ethical issues for some types of treatments
examples
Inertness assumption renders “untested” therapies as “ineffective” |
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Term
|
Definition
Low external validity (Seligman, 1995)
Fail to account for characteristics of psychotherapy as it is practiced in the “real world”
-Not fixed duration
-Self-correcting
-Active selection
-Multiple disorders
-What constitutes success |
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Term
| Consumer Reports Survey (CR) (1994) |
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Definition
Some results
Treatment worked: 91% indicated improvement
Long-term therapy better than short-term therapy
No difference between psychotherapy alone and psychotherapy + medication
Active seekers better off than passive seekers
Doctors as well as mental health professionals, but only in the short-term
Dodo-bird hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Element of cognitive theory that are networks of cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral schemas that compose personality and interpret ongoing situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic Diagnostic Model. Created in 2006 to try to catalog all that is known about the psychodynamic theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| American Psychoanalytic Association. Founded in 1911. Largest psychodynamic group in USA |
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Term
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Definition
| Human emotional life and relationships center around the unconscious mental images we hold of our earliest and most intense relationships or internalized object representations. |
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Term
|
Definition
A way to look at the inner working of the patient's relationship patterns.
Wish
Response of Others
Response of Self |
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Term
| Steps of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
1. Observe or attend to emotions without trying to terminate them when painful.
2. Describe a thought or emotion.
3. Be nonjudgmental.
4. Stay in the present. Be aware of here and now.
5. Focus on one thing at a time. |
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Term
| Acceptance Commitment Theory |
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Definition
| A behavioral theory designed to help patients learn that experiential avoidance does not work. Thus you must accept the feelings you have and commit to values that the person holds dear and choose to live their life in that way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive schemas contain people's perceptions of themselves and others and of their goals and expectations, memories, fantasies, and previous learning. |
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Term
| Cognitive Theory for pathology |
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Definition
| A specific bias affects how people incorporate new information. Creates a COGNITIVE SHIFT toward selectively interpreting themes of danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| universal and tied to survival. Primal modes include primal thinking which is rigid, absolute, automatic and biased. Can be overridden by conscious intention. |
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Term
| 3 major approaches to treating dysfunctional modes |
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Definition
deactivation
modifying their content and structure
constructing more adaptive modes to neutralize them |
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Term
|
Definition
Arbitrary Inference
Selective Abstraction
Overgenerelization
Magnification and Minimization
Personalization
Dichotomous Thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drawing a specific conclusion without supporting evidence or even in the face of contradictory evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conceptualizing a situation on the basis of a detail taken out of context, ignoring other information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abstracting a general rule from one or a few isolated incidents and applying it too broadly and to unrelated situations. |
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Term
| Magnification and Minimization |
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Definition
| Seeing something as far more significant or less significantly than it actually is. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attributing external events to oneself without evidence supporting a causal connection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categorizing experiences in one of two extremes; for example, as complete success or total failure. |
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