Term
| 4. Describe the Humanistic Therapy |
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Definition
• Puts the person back in the centre of psychology
• Looks at their experience from the ‘inside’ (subjective)
• A positive view of people
• Includes Maslow's Hierarchy of needs |
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Term
| Describe Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
[image]
- Idea from the 60s that has infiltrated the media immensely
- Idea of being able to be oneself has come from these ideas
- Once person has the bottom, they move on to the next level and continue going up. The more we can pack these things underneath, the more we can focus on being ourselves. |
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Term
| What were Carl Roger's beliefs? |
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Definition
- Believes that people's goals is to 'become our better selves - SELF ACTUALISATION
- We need an environment in which we are given UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD to be able to become ourselves and learn what is right for us
- This allows us to develop a CONGRUENT (in harmony) self |
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Term
| Describe Carl Roger's Centred Therapy |
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Definition
- The client is the expert on their own lives and what they want
- The therapist gently facilitates the client finding out who they are and what they want
(Summarising and paraphrasing what the other person says; Reflecting to the person consistently; Listening intently and letting the person talk for as long as they would like; Relationship is trying to equalise the patient and the therapist) |
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Term
| What are the key ingredients for Roger's Centred Therapy |
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Definition
1. Unconditional positive regard – accept the negative and positive aspects of the client without judgment
2. Congruence/genuiness – the therapist must be ‘real’ and true to themselves
3. Empathy – feels and communicates understanding to the client
4. Reflective listening |
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Term
| What are the Criticisms of Humanism? |
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Definition
- Is just listening enough to bring about change?
- Concepts are vague and hard to define
- Less research than CBT
- Too idealistic? While we love the idea that if we are put in the perfect environment we would be beautiful human beings, the likelihood of this is very low as we all have urges to be bad that we can’t help (emotionally driven). |
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Term
| What has been the postive outcome of Humanism? |
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Definition
| . Being with a person in pain, witnessing that pain, showing positive regard, research shows that 70-80% of the people get better with this technique. Person has to click with the therapist in order for the therapy to work, very important! |
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Term
| 5. Describe Cognitive Therapy |
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Definition
Movement of 60s in humanism where the computer revolution was happening. Thinking that our brain is like a computer e.g. both have short term memory, long term memory, inputs and outputs.
- We respond not to events – but to our cognitive interpretation of events
- It is dysfunctional (unhelpful) interpretations of events that produce emotional and behavioural disturbance
- It’s not the event itself, but how we interpret the event that will dictate how we feel and acts towards it. Idea that we have unhelpful and dysfunctional thoughts that prevent us from seeing reality in some kind of way. |
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Term
| How does the cognitive model explain the development of mental health problems? |
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Definition
A – activating event (date doesn’t show)
B – belief (“I’m unattractive”)
C – consequence (depression)
If you change the belief e.g. into “I’m attractive, that person missed out” – you change the consequence. |
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Term
| What is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)? |
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Definition
- Works on idea that we get more anxious or depressed, our brains start to distort the information that is coming in. Attends to things that are anxiety provoking or fit with our beliefs about the world and ourselves.
- Combines cognitive therapy (examining the things you think) and Behavioural therapy (examining the things you do)
- Very practical type of cognitive talking therapy that focuses in your goals and things happening in your every day
- The way we think about situations affects the ways we feel and behave
- This can lead you to acting negatively, avoiding things that may also go wrong or numbing with drugs and alcohol. The more you do these things the worse it can get
- CBT therapist helps break this cycle, and discover what feelings, thoughts and behaviours might be contributing to the problems you are experiencing |
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Term
| Beck argues that distorting in what we think produce mental health problems: |
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Definition
1. All-or-nothing Thinking
2. Disqualifying the Positive
3. Emotional Reasoning
4. Jumping to Conclusions
5. Labeling and Mislabelling
6. Magnification
7. Mental Filter
8. Minimisation
9. Overgeneralisation
10 . Personalisation
11. Should Statements |
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Term
| What is Beck's Cognitive Model? |
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Definition
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Idea that early life experiences lead us to having core beliefs, that in certain situations are activated, and negative automatic thoughts start flowing through our brains, these start to dictate our emotions, behaviours and psychological responses. All have these experiences due to childhood experiences. They are not always thoughts and are sometimes images as some people are much more visual. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
- Has become normalised that what we think leads to what we do and feel
- Our culture and generation are encouraged to believe this idea (older generations were not encouraged to think about their feelings so find it hard to do these activities) |
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Term
| What are the criticisms of Cognitive Therapy? |
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Definition
- Not enough attention the therapeutic relationship and emotional experience
- Overestimation of research evidence
- Deals with symptoms rather than underlying issues
- Can see emotions as an ‘output’
- Emotions pre thinking and language |
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Term
| 6. Describe the Socio-Cultural Models (systems) |
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Definition
Moving beyond the individual
- According to this model mental health problems develop because of the social context in which they occur.
- Different Socio-cultural models focus on the effects of different environments e.g. the family, the community, the broader society
- These environments influence the development of mental health problems, how they are defined and how they treated. |
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Term
| In the Socio-Cultural model the mental health problems of individuals are understood to arise out of problems in the family. Crises during the normal life cycle of the family: |
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Definition
- Leaving home : primary task is to separate from family of origin without cutting off or seeking substitute emotional refuge. A time to be autonomous before joining with another person.
- Joining families through marriage: commitment to a new couple, linking up two families
- Families with young children: Making space for children, hold on to marital relationship, working together as a team (highest divorce rate!)
- Families with adolescents stage: supporting autonomy of children, open family boundaries, flexibility.
- Launching children and moving on stage: parents must let their children go – take hold of their own lives. The time of the ‘midlife crisis’.
- Families in later life: retirement, declining health, illness, death. |
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Term
| What does Family Therapy include? |
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Definition
- An individual problem is a symptom of a family problem
- The family need to be involved in treating the problem
- The family is helped to recognise its own problems e.g. conflict, communication problems, inflexible roles
- Can be taught new skills e.g. communication, adaptation to change, managing conflict |
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Term
| Describe Broader Social Perspectives |
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Definition
Unhealthy aspects of society produce mental health problems
Different societies/cultures might be more inclined to different problems
Links between social issues and mental health problems:
• Poverty and mental illness interact in a vicious cycle
• Depression is almost twice as high amongst woman as men
• Eating disorders linked to images of women |
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Term
| What is Community Psychology? |
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Definition
- A branch of psychology which address the SOCIAL PROBLEMS that produce problems for individuals and communities
- Tries to address imbalances of power in society by EMPOWERING people to change their lives and communities for the better
- PRIMARY PREVENTION (the ambulance at the top of the cliff as opposed to the bottom) e.g. Big buddy programmes to keep youth out of gangs.
- CHALLENGING SOCIAL VALUES e.g. airbrushed photos in magazines to address body image disturbance in women
- ADVOCACY: Support and facilitate access to power for vulnerable groups |
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