Brief Dinamic Theory

Focuses on specific areas of conflict. Has a specific time frame and # of sessions and is nonconfrontational

Traditional psychodinamic is more global and extensive   

Noncontingent Reinforcement

Effective for supersticious behaviors

Operant Conditioning

Can Help with normal involuntary responses

Help modify psychopsysiological disorders

In Brief Psychodinamic

Positive tranferences are better early in treatment

Beck Depression Model  

Starts by assigning task to client

If depression is severe - give gradual tasks

If mild- use cognitive techniques

Structural Family Therapy

In an enmeshed family where the father uses nagging and yells-->

The Therapist assign home work of more yelling and nagging to manipulate the situation

Structural Family Therapy

Uses interventions that stress the family to unbalance family homeostasis

What does Freud and the Object Relation Theory have in comun?  

The emphasis on childhood experiences in personality development

Countertransference

From Psychologist to client >>Freud said interfere with psychological functioning.

Now days is view as an aid for ganing insight into client world 

Escape conditioning

Mother nag longer and longer- finaly the child does what she expects >> his motivation is to escape the mother's nagging behavior

Integration Therapy

Useful for study of focused visual attention → necesary to perceive objects as objects and not features or part of an object

Operant conditioning

Contrast effect due to frustration

Relapse Prevention Intervention

When a person relapses the therapist shift attention from internal to external factors

Strategic Family Therapy

Prescribing the symptoms is use to undermine family resistance to change

In Beck Depression Model

Psychologists assign client to journal/record automatic thoughts

Obsessive -Compulsive

The most effective therapy is in vivo exposure combine with respond prevention

Couples therapy → when dealing with physical abuse

Physical abuse that is intrumental requires couple to physically separate and do individual therapy separate

Suicide client who wants to stop treatment  

Psychologist encourages him/her to continue therapy and have him sign a no-suicidal contract

Avoidance conditioning

Most effective technique → classical extinction. Avoidance response

CS is paired with US = CR of avoidance

Reinforcement

Used to ↑ a behavior while punishment is use to ↓ a behavior

Symmetrical v.s Complementary communication

• In symmetrical communication, the two people mirror each other’s behavior. A symmetrical interaction can escalate into a "one-upsmanship" game in which each person tries to outdo the other. Symmetrical communication takes place between equals.
• In complementary communication, one person’s behavior complements the other person’s behavior. Complementary communication occurs between people of unequal status.

Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin):

3 chronic boundary problems, or rigid triangles:

• (1) Detouring occurs when parents focus on the child either by overprotecting the child or blaming ("scapegoating") the child for the family’s problems.
• (2) A stable coalition occurs when a parent and child form a cross-generational coalition and consistently "gang up" against the other parent.
• (3) Triangulation (also known as an unstable coalition) occurs when each parent demands that the child side with him/her against the other parent. In this situation, the child is constantly being pulled in two directions.

Solution-Focused Family Therapy:

• Therapist and client co-construct a more inclusive reality.
• Therapy focuses on identifying effective solutions rather than on uncovering the source and nature of problems.
• Emphasis is on the future. Clients are viewed as the "experts"
• Targets of therapy are concrete, well-formulated goals.
• Use a variety of questions to help clients identify effective solutions. Use of the "miracle question,"
• The answer to these questions helps the client externalize the problem so that an appropriate solution can be identified.

Object Relations Family Therapy:

An important therapeutic tool for object relations family therapists is the interpretation of transferences, which are believed to underlie family dysfunction. According to Framo, a leading practitioner of object relations family therapy, therapy involves three stages – early, middle, and terminal. Interpretation and working through of the transferences of family members to each other and to the therapist are the primary goals of the middle phase.

Feminist Therapy:

• Nonsexist therapists focus more on individual factors and on modifying personal behavior. 
• Feminist therapists prioritize the role of sociopolitical factors in a woman’s psychological functioning and the need for social change.
• The original object relations theories did not address the issue of gender, but feminists interested in this approach propose that gender differences can be traced to differences between same-gender and opposite-gender parenting practices: While males are taught to separate from their mothers, females are encouraged to stay attached. As a result of this discrepancy in socialization practices, male identity is defined in terms of separation, while female identity is based on relationships with others. From this perspective, differences in mother-son and mother-daughter relations – and the fact that mothers continue to be the primary caregivers – are the result of sociocultural influences that define gender-based roles.

Hypnosis:

Hypnosis does not seem to enhance the recall of accurate memories and, in fact, may actually produce more pseudomemories (inaccurate or confabulated memories). In addition, people are often more willing to believe that false or uncertain memories are true when they have been recalled under hypnosis.

Parallel process in supervision

Occurs when a therapist (supervisee) replicates problems and symptoms with the supervisor that are being manifested by the client.

Diagnostic overshadowing

Was originally described by S. Reiss et al. (1982) in connection with the assessment of people with mental retardation and has since been applied to other situations and diagnoses. Overshadowing occurs when the salience of one disorder (e.g., mental retardation) "overshadows" consideration or recognition of another disorder.

Diversity Issues – Research:

• The effects of psychotherapy for members of culturally-diverse groups have found that, when compared to the rate for Anglos, premature termination rates are higher for some groups (African-Americans) but lower for others (Asian-Americans).
• The studies have also shown that ethnic matching of client and therapist may reduce premature dropout but has less effect on other outcome measures. Apparently, the therapist’s attitudes, values, and cultural sensitivity are more important than ethnic matching.
• Sue and his colleagues (1991) found that mental health service outcomes were best for Mexican-Americans, followed by Anglos, Asian-Americans, and, lastly, African-Americans.

Diversity Issues – Therapeutic Approaches:

• Boyd-Franklin, African-American families respond best to a multisystems approach that addresses multiple systems, intervenes at multiple levels, and empowers the family by directly incorporating its strengths into the treatment.
• LaFromboise and colleagues recommend network therapy as an effective approach for Native Americans. It incorporates members of the client’s family, tribe, and community into treatment. Therapist’s primary role is that of catalyst.

Culturally-encapsulated counselors

Wrenn - culturally-encapsulated counselors

• (a) define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes;
• (b) disregard cultural differences;
• (c) ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs;
• (d) rely on traditional techniques and strategies to solve problems; and
• (e) disregard their own cultural biases.

Acculturation

Berry et al. - propose that a person’s level of acculturation can be described in terms of the person’s acceptance of the values, standards, practices, etc. of his/her own minority culture and those of the majority (dominant) culture. Different combinations of the two factors produce four levels of acculturation: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. For example, a person is marginalized when he rejects his/her own minority culture and the culture of the majority group.

High- and Low-context communication

From the cross-cultural psychology literature.

• Low-context communication is characteristic of Anglo-Americans and emphasizes verbal messages.
• High-context communication is characteristic of African-Americans and other culturally-diverse groups. It emphasizes group identification, group meanings, and nonverbal messages.

Worldview is an important consideration in cross-cultural counseling

D. Sue  describes worldview in terms of two dimensions:

• locus of responsibility and locus of control. According to Sue, members of minority groups who have an external locus of responsibility and an external locus of control feel there is little they can do to overcome prejudice and discrimination and, consequently, exhibit the characteristics of learned helplessness. A therapist working with this type of client is most effective when he or she teaches the client new coping strategies, devises ways to increase the client’s successful experiences, and validates who and what the client represents.

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (also known as the Minority Identity Development, or MID, model) describes five stages of identity development:

• conformity,
• dissonance,
• resistance and immersion,
• introspection, and
• synergetic (integrative) awareness.

Each stage represents a different combination of attitudes toward one’s own minority group, other minority groups, and the dominant (majority) group. The final synergetic awareness stage, for example, is characterized by appreciation of one’s own and other minority groups and selective appreciation of the dominant group. People in this stage are interested in the elimination of all forms of oppression and recognize that all cultures have both desirable and undesirable aspects.

Racial identity development (Helms)

Helms- white racial identity development involves six stages:

• contact,
• disintegration,
• reintegration,
• pseudo-independence,
• immersion-emersion, and
• autonomy.

Troiden’s - Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model

distinguishes between four stages:

• sensitization and feeling different;
• self-recognition and identity confusion;
• identity assumption; and commitment and
• identity integration.

Psychotherapy with Older Adults

older adults "respond well to a variety of forms of psychotherapy and can benefit to a degree comparable with younger adults … though often responding more slowly". No single treatment modality is best suited. Gatz et al. (1998) conclude that (1) behavioral and environmental interventions have been "well-established" as effective approaches for behavior problems associated with dementia; (2) memory and cognitive retraining have been found "probably efficacious" for patients with dementia; and (e) cognitive, behavioral, and brief psychodynamic therapies have been shown to be "probably efficacious" as treatments for depression.